This is a Validated Antibody Database (VAD) review about human integrin beta3, based on 86 published articles (read how Labome selects the articles), using integrin beta3 antibody in all methods. It is aimed to help Labome visitors find the most suited integrin beta3 antibody. Please note the number of articles fluctuates since newly identified citations are added and citations for discontinued catalog numbers are removed regularly.
integrin beta3 synonym: BDPLT16; BDPLT2; CD61; GP3A; GPIIIa; GT
Knockout validation
Cell Signaling Technology domestic rabbit monoclonal (D7X3P) |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (CST, 13166) was used in western blot knockout validation on mouse samples at 1:500 (fig 8e). J Neurosci (2022) ncbi |
Cell Signaling Technology domestic rabbit polyclonal |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (Cell Signaling, 4702) was used in western blot knockout validation on human samples at 1:300 (fig 1c). elife (2021) ncbi |
Cell Signaling Technology domestic rabbit polyclonal |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (CST, 4702) was used in western blot knockout validation on mouse samples (fig s1b). Mol Med Rep (2021) ncbi |
Santa Cruz Biotechnology
mouse monoclonal (D-11) |
| Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa Cruz, sc-365679) was used in immunoprecipitation on human samples at 1:100 (fig 6e), in immunocytochemistry on human samples at 1:200 (fig s7b) and in western blot on human samples at 1:2000 (fig 6a). iScience (2022) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (D-11) |
| Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-365679) was used in western blot on human samples at 1:1000 (fig 6e). Cell Mol Life Sci (2022) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (A2A9/6) |
| Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa, sc-21783) was used in western blot on mouse samples (fig 2i). Adv Sci (Weinh) (2021) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa Cruz, sc-7312) was used in immunohistochemistry - paraffin section on rat samples (fig 6f). PLoS ONE (2021) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (D-11) |
| Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa Cruz Technology, sc-365679) was used in western blot on mouse samples (fig 1a). Brain Res (2018) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (A2A9/6) |
| Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa Cruz, sc-21783) was used in immunocytochemistry on human samples (fig 3c). J Biol Chem (2017) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (B-7) |
| Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (SantaCruz, sc-46655) was used in western blot on human samples at 1:200 (fig 5a). Oncotarget (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| In order to study inhibition of the FAK/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway through av-beta-3 integrin interaction by the anti-tumor NC1 domain of collagen XIX, Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa Cruz, sc7312) was used in immunocytochemistry on human samples (fig 3). Oncotarget (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (SAP) |
| In order to determine the role of growth factors in EMT, Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa Cruz, SAP) was used in western blot on human samples . PLoS ONE (2015) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (B-7) |
| Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-46655) was used in western blot on human samples . Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces (2015) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| In order to test if integrin alphavbeta3 signaling promotes the release of intracellular calcium and contributes to viral entry and spread, Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc7312) was used in immunoprecipitation on human samples at 1:200 and in western blot on human samples at 1:200 (fig 1). J Virol (2014) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (PM6/13) |
| Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, PM6/13) was used in immunoprecipitation on human samples , in immunocytochemistry on human samples and in western blot on human samples . Cell Death Differ (2014) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (BV4) |
| Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa Cruz, sc-52685) was used in flow cytometry on human samples . Biomaterials (2014) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| In order to study the role of the Rac1 GTPase the shaping of the ocular lens, Santa Cruz Biotechnology integrin beta3 antibody (Santa, SC-7312) was used in western blot on mouse samples . Dev Biol (2011) ncbi |
Abcam
domestic rabbit monoclonal (ERP17507) |
| Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (ABcam, ab179473) was used in western blot on human samples at 1:1000 (fig 1h). Aging (Albany NY) (2021) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (BV3) |
| Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (Abcam, ab7166) was used in immunohistochemistry - paraffin section on human samples at 1:1000 (fig 2c). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (2019) ncbi |
domestic rabbit monoclonal (EPR2342) |
| Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (Abcam, ab119992) was used in western blot on mouse samples at 1:1000 (fig 1s1a) and in western blot on human samples at 1:1000 (fig 1s1a). elife (2019) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| In order to establish that Smurf1 controls Kindlin-2 protein levels in cells and hinders integrin activation, Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (Abcam, ab110131) was used in western blot on hamsters samples at 1:1000 (fig 1F). J Cell Biol (2017) ncbi |
domestic rabbit monoclonal (EPR2342) |
| In order to determine if the extracellular matrix components of human skin fibroblasts change under non-stretch, static stretch, or cyclic stretch conditions, Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (Abcam, ab119992) was used in western blot on human samples at 1:1000 (fig 4d). Exp Ther Med (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (BV3) | Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (Abcam, ab7166) was used . Theranostics (2016) ncbi | |
mouse monoclonal (BV3) |
| Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (Abcam, ab7166) was used in immunohistochemistry - paraffin section on rat samples at 1:50 (fig 5c). Sci Rep (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (27.1 (VNR-1)) |
| Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (Abcam, ab78289) was used in blocking or activating experiments on human samples (fig 2f). Oncotarget (2015) ncbi |
domestic rabbit monoclonal (EPR2342) |
| Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (Abcam, ab119992) was used in western blot on human samples . Int J Mol Sci (2014) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (27.1 (VNR-1)) |
| Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (Abcam, ab78289) was used in blocking or activating experiments on human samples (fig 5a-c). J Biol Chem (2015) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (27.1 (VNR-1)) |
| Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (Abcam, ab78289) was used in immunocytochemistry on human samples at 1:10. Fertil Steril (2014) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (BV3) |
| Abcam integrin beta3 antibody (Abcam, ab7166) was used in immunohistochemistry - paraffin section on pigs |
BioLegend
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BioLegend integrin beta3 antibody (Biolegends, 336407) was used in other on human samples at 1:200 (fig 1b). elife (2021) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BioLegend integrin beta3 antibody (BioLegend, 336405) was used in other on human samples (fig 1s2). elife (2020) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BioLegend integrin beta3 antibody (BioLegend, 336403) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig s1a). Stem Cell Reports (2020) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BioLegend integrin beta3 antibody (BioLegend, VI-PI.2) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig 1b). Mol Cell Biol (2019) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BioLegend integrin beta3 antibody (Biolegend, 336408) was used in immunocytochemistry on human samples at 1:25 (fig 2b). Nat Commun (2018) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BioLegend integrin beta3 antibody (BioLegend, 336403) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig 2f). Oncol Lett (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (PAC-1) |
| BioLegend integrin beta3 antibody (Biolegend, 362802) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig 1). Nat Commun (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| In order to determine the function of a fibronectin isoform, BioLegend integrin beta3 antibody (Biolegend, VI-PL2) was used in flow cytometry on human samples . J Mol Med (Berl) (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| BioLegend integrin beta3 antibody (Biolegend, 23C6) was used in flow cytometry on human samples . Matrix Biol (2015) ncbi |
Invitrogen
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| Invitrogen integrin beta3 antibody (eBioscience/Thermo, 11-0519-42) was used in flow cytometry on human samples at 1:50 (fig 3a, 3b). Stem Cells (2019) ncbi |
domestic rabbit polyclonal |
| In order to investigate the effects of TNF treatment and SFK activation using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, Invitrogen integrin beta3 antibody (Life Technologies, 44-876G) was used in western blot on human samples (fig 2). PLoS ONE (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (F11) |
| In order to test if senescent stromal cells contribute to tumorigenesis, Invitrogen integrin beta3 antibody (eBioscience, F11) was used in flow cytometry on mouse samples at 1:1000 (fig 1h). Nat Commun (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| Invitrogen integrin beta3 antibody (eBioscience, 23C6) was used in western blot on mouse samples at 20 ug/ml (fig 6). Nat Commun (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| Invitrogen integrin beta3 antibody (eBioscience, VI-PL2) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig 2a). PLoS ONE (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| In order to investigate the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the adhesion of blastocysts to uterine epithelial cells, Invitrogen integrin beta3 antibody (eBioscience, 11-0619-41) was used in flow cytometry on mouse samples at 1:200. Hum Reprod (2015) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| In order to investigate the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the adhesion of blastocysts to uterine epithelial cells, Invitrogen integrin beta3 antibody (eBioscience, 11-0519-41) was used in flow cytometry on mouse samples at 1:200. Hum Reprod (2015) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| In order to study voltage-dependent anion channels in human osteoclasts, Invitrogen integrin beta3 antibody (Endogen, 23C6) was used in immunocytochemistry on human samples . Cell Biol Int (2013) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| Invitrogen integrin beta3 antibody (eBioscience, VI-PL2;) was used in flow cytometry on mouse samples . J Thromb Haemost (2013) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| In order to investigate translocation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis across the lung, Invitrogen integrin beta3 antibody (Biosource, 23C6) was used in blocking or activating experiments on human samples . Infect Immun (2002) ncbi |
Novus Biologicals
domestic rabbit monoclonal (SJ19-09) |
| Novus Biologicals integrin beta3 antibody (Novus Biologicals, SJ19-09) was used in western blot on mouse samples at 1:1000 (fig 5d). Theranostics (2021) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (BV4) |
| Novus Biologicals integrin beta3 antibody (Novus, NB600-1342) was used in western blot on human samples at 1:1000 (fig 5s1b). elife (2019) ncbi |
R&D Systems
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| R&D Systems integrin beta3 antibody (R&D Systems, MAB3050) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig s2). Mol Cancer (2022) ncbi |
Bio-Rad
mouse monoclonal (Y2/51) |
| Bio-Rad integrin beta3 antibody (serotec, MCA2588GA) was used in other on human samples (fig s4b). Sci Rep (2015) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (23C6) |
| Bio-Rad integrin beta3 antibody (AbD Serotec, 23C6) was used in immunocytochemistry on chicken samples at 1:20. PLoS ONE (2015) ncbi |
Cell Signaling Technology
domestic rabbit monoclonal (D7X3P) |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (CST, 13166) was used in western blot knockout validation on mouse samples at 1:500 (fig 8e). J Neurosci (2022) ncbi |
domestic rabbit monoclonal (D7X3P) |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (CST, 13166) was used in immunohistochemistry - paraffin section on mouse samples at 1:250 (fig 4i). Front Cell Dev Biol (2021) ncbi |
domestic rabbit polyclonal |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (Cell Signaling, 4702) was used in western blot knockout validation on human samples at 1:300 (fig 1c). elife (2021) ncbi |
domestic rabbit polyclonal |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (CST, 4702) was used in western blot knockout validation on mouse samples (fig s1b). Mol Med Rep (2021) ncbi |
domestic rabbit monoclonal (D7X3P) |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, 13166T) was used in immunohistochemistry on mouse samples (fig 5b). Br J Cancer (2021) ncbi |
domestic rabbit monoclonal (D7X3P) |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (Cell Signaling, 13166) was used in western blot on mouse samples at 1:1000 (fig 4a). Commun Biol (2021) ncbi |
domestic rabbit polyclonal |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (Cell Signaling, 4702) was used in western blot on mouse samples (fig s6). J Clin Invest (2017) ncbi |
domestic rabbit monoclonal (D7X3P) |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, 13166) was used in western blot on human samples at 1:1000 (fig 4c). Nat Commun (2017) ncbi |
domestic rabbit monoclonal (D7X3P) |
| In order to research the promotional effect of endoglin on small muscle cell migration and vascular maturation, Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (Cell Signaling, 13166) was used in western blot on human samples at 1:1000 (fig s5b). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (2017) ncbi |
domestic rabbit monoclonal (D7X3P) |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (Cell Signaling, D7X3P) was used in western blot on mouse samples (fig 6g). Haematologica (2017) ncbi |
domestic rabbit polyclonal |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (Cell Signaling, 4702) was used in western blot on human samples at 1:1000 (fig 2c) and in western blot on mouse samples at 1:1000 (fig 2j). Nature (2016) ncbi |
domestic rabbit polyclonal |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (Cell signaling, 4702) was used in western blot on human samples (fig 3). Sci Rep (2016) ncbi |
domestic rabbit monoclonal (D7X3P) |
| Cell Signaling Technology integrin beta3 antibody (Cell Signaling, 13166) was used in immunohistochemistry - paraffin section on mouse samples at 1:100 (fig 4). Theranostics (2016) ncbi |
Dako
mouse monoclonal (Y2/51) |
| Dako integrin beta3 antibody (DAKO, M0753) was used in immunohistochemistry - paraffin section on human samples (fig 2d5). PLoS Pathog (2022) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (Y2/51) |
| Dako integrin beta3 antibody (Dako, M0753) was used in immunohistochemistry - paraffin section on human samples (fig 6h). elife (2021) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (Y2/51) |
| Dako integrin beta3 antibody (Dako, M0753) was used in immunohistochemistry - frozen section on human samples (fig s1b). J Immunol (2019) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (Y2/51) |
| In order to outline the protocols for antibodies used for immunohistochemical studies, Dako integrin beta3 antibody (Dako, M0753) was used in immunohistochemistry - paraffin section on dogs samples at 1:50 (fig st4) and in immunohistochemistry on African green monkey samples at 1:100 (fig st4). J Toxicol Pathol (2017) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (Y2/51) |
| Dako integrin beta3 antibody (Dako, Y2/51) was used in western blot on human samples . J Immunol (2015) ncbi |
Beckman Coulter
mouse monoclonal (SZ21) |
| Beckman Coulter integrin beta3 antibody (Beckman-Coulter, IM1758) was used in immunocytochemistry on human samples at 20 ug/ml (fig 5b). PLoS ONE (2015) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (SZ21) |
| Beckman Coulter integrin beta3 antibody (Immunotech, SZ21) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (tbl 1). J Transl Med (2014) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (SZ21) |
| Beckman Coulter integrin beta3 antibody (Immunotech, SZ21) was used in immunocytochemistry on human samples at 1:100 and in western blot on human samples . J Biol Chem (2013) ncbi |
BD Biosciences
mouse monoclonal (1/Integrin Beta 3 Chain) |
| BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD Transduction Laboratories, 611140) was used in western blot on human samples at 1:1000 (fig 2h). Commun Biol (2021) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD Pharmingen, 564174) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig 2). elife (2020) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (Becton Dickinson, 555753) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig 2b). BMC Cancer (2019) ncbi |
rat monoclonal (FIB504) |
| BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD Biosciences, 564283) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig s4b). Eur J Immunol (2018) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD Biosciences, VI-PL2) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig s12d). J Clin Invest (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD Biosciences, 555753) was used in flow cytometry on human samples at 1:1000. Oncol Lett (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| In order to assess the effects of platelet-derived ectosomes on natural killer cells, BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD Biosciences, VI-PL2) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig 1a). J Immunol (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (1/Integrin Beta 3 Chain) |
| In order to discuss the relationship between TGF-beta and MYC in basal subtype breast cancers, BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD Biosciences, 611140) was used in western blot on human samples at 1:200 (fig 2b). Cancer Res (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| In order to find cell-surface markers specific to human neutrophils, BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD, 555754) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig st1). Exp Cell Res (2016) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (1/Integrin Beta 3 Chain) |
| BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (Becton Dickinson, 1) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig 3c). Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev (2015) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (1/Integrin Beta 3 Chain) |
| In order to study platelet CLEC-2 and vascular smooth muscle cells that stimulate platelets and facilitate thrombus formation and implications in atherothrombosis, BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD Biosciences, 1) was used in western blot on human samples (fig 7c). PLoS ONE (2015) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD Biosciences, VI-PL2) was used in flow cytometry on human samples (fig 7e). J Cell Sci (2015) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (1/Integrin Beta 3 Chain) |
| In order to study mechanisms that confer resistance to therapeutic interventions in the insulin-like growth factor receptor pathway, BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD, 611140) was used in western blot on human samples (fig 1c,2e). Mol Cancer (2015) ncbi |
mouse monoclonal (VI-PL2) |
| BD Biosciences integrin beta3 antibody (BD Biosciences, VI-PL2) was used in flow cytometry on human samples . Neoplasia (2014) ncbi |
Leica Biosystems
monoclonal (2f2) |
| Leica Biosystems integrin beta3 antibody (Leica Biosystems, PA0312) was used in immunohistochemistry - paraffin section on human samples (fig 4e). Reprod Biol Endocrinol (2017) ncbi |
monoclonal (2f2) |
| Leica Biosystems integrin beta3 antibody (Novocastra Laboratories, 2f2) was used in immunohistochemistry - paraffin section on human samples (fig 1b). Am J Reprod Immunol (2017) ncbi |
monoclonal (2f2) |
| In order to elucidate the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways of megakaryocytes in human the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways of megakaryocytes in human, Leica Biosystems integrin beta3 antibody (Leica Biosystems, 2f2) was used in immunohistochemistry on human samples . J Clin Pathol (2016) ncbi |
monoclonal |
| In order to study myeloid malignancy in TGFalpha expression, Leica Biosystems integrin beta3 antibody (Leica Biosystems, NCL-CD61-308) was used in immunohistochemistry on human samples at 1:100 (fig 1). J Clin Pathol (2016) ncbi |
Articles Reviewed
- Shen Z, Zeng D, Wang X, Ma Y, Zhang X, Kong P. Targeting of the leukemia microenvironment by c(RGDfV) overcomes the resistance to chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia in biomimetic polystyrene scaffolds. Oncol Lett. 2016;12:3278-3284 pubmed
- Zahran A, Aly S, Altayeb H, Ali A. Circulating endothelial cells and their progenitors in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett. 2016;12:1965-1970 pubmed
- Jiang M, Qiu J, Zhang L, Lu D, Long M, Chen L, et al. Changes in tension regulates proliferation and migration of fibroblasts by remodeling expression of ECM proteins. Exp Ther Med. 2016;12:1542-1550 pubmed
- Mori S, Kodaira M, Ito A, Okazaki M, Kawaguchi N, Hamada Y, et al. Enhanced Expression of Integrin αvβ3 Induced by TGF-β Is Required for the Enhancing Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 (FGF1) in TGF-β-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Mammary Epithelial Cells. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0137486 pubmed publisher
- Schmitz C, Yu L, Bocca S, Anderson S, Cunha Filho J, Rhavi B, et al. Role for the endometrial epithelial protein MFG-E8 and its receptor integrin ?v?3 in human implantation: results of an in vitro trophoblast attachment study using established human cell lines. Fertil Steril. 2014;101:874-82 pubmed publisher
- Bermudez L, Sangari F, Kolonoski P, Petrofsky M, Goodman J. The efficiency of the translocation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis across a bilayer of epithelial and endothelial cells as a model of the alveolar wall is a consequence of transport within mononuclear phagocytes and invasion of alveolar epithelial cel. Infect Immun. 2002;70:140-6 pubmed
articles
contribute
- If you are aware of any publication with knockout studies validating a monoclonal or recombinant antibody, either purchased from a supplier or developed by the author(s), please notify us through feedback.
related gene review
questions and comments