antibody

Rabbit Polyclonal to Human PDK4

MBS242507

0.2 mL

530 USD

polyclonal

rabbit

nonconjugated

human, mouse

western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry

Antibody

Rabbit Polyclonal to Human PDK4

[PDK4]

[Anti-PDK4 Antibody (C-Terminus) IHC-plus; PDK4; PDHK4; Human PDK4]

[pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4; [Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial; pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4; pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 4; pyruvate dehydrogenase, lipoamide, kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial; [Pyruvate dehydrogenase [lipoamide]] kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial; [Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial; pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4; Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 4]

[PDK4]

[PDK4; PDK4; PDHK4]

PDK4_HUMAN

Polyclonal

Rabbit

Human, Mouse

This PDK4 antibody is generated from rabbits immunized with a KLH conjugated synthetic peptide between 382-410 amino acids from the C-terminal region of human PDK4.

Protein A purified

PBS, 0.09% sodium azide

Maintain refrigerated at 2-8 degree C for up to 6 months. For long term storage store at -20 degree C.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC - Paraffin), Immunofluorescence (IF), Western Blot (WB)

IF: 1:100, IHC-P: 10 ug/ml, WB: 1:1000. Usage:. Immunohistochemistry: MBS242507 was validated for use in immunohistochemistry on a panel of 21 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissues after heat induced antigen retrieval in pH 6.0 citrate buffer. After incubation with the primary antibody, slides were incubated with biotinylated secondary antibody, followed by alkaline phosphatase-streptavidin and chromogen. The stained slides were evaluated by a pathologist to confirm staining specificity. The optimal working concentration for MBS242507 was determined to be 10 ug/ml. Please note that cross-reactivity with mouse has been confirmed in WB only at this time. The antibody has not yet been evaluated for use with mouse in IHC-P.

Immunogen Species: PDK4 antibody was raised against Human. Epitope: aa382-410

. Disclaimer: Due to the highly specific nature of antibodies and antigens, we cannot predict or be held responsible with respect to how this antibody will behave in your systems. Researchers using this antibody should conduct optimization studies to achieve the most optimal result possible for their intended application. Recommended Immunohistochemistry Protocol: The following protocol is a recommendation only, and MyBioSource, Inc. makes no guarantee of the results:. Tissue Preparation: . Formalin fixation and embedding in paraffin wax. Tissue Sectioning: . Make 4-um sections and place on pre-cleaned and charged microscope slides. Heat in a tissue-dryingoven for 45 minutes at 60°C. Deparaffinization: . Wash dry slides in 3 changes of xylene - 5 minutes each @ RT. Rehydration: . Wash slides in 3 changes of 100% alcohol - 3 minutes each @ RT. Wash slides in 2 changes of 95% alcohol - 3 minutes each @ RT. Wash slides in 1 change of 80% alcohol - 3 minutes @ RT. Rinse slides in gentle running distilled water - 5 minutes @ RT. Antigen retrieval: . Steam slides in 0.01 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 6.0 at 99-100°C - 20 minutes. Remove from heat and let stand at room temperature in buffer - 20 minutes. Rinse in 1X TBS with Tween (TBST) -1 minute @ RT. Immunostaining: . (Do not allow tissues to dry at any time during the staining procedure) . Apply a universal protein block - 20 minutes @ RT. Drain protein block from slides, apply diluted primary antibody - 45 minutes @ RT. Rinse slides in 1 X TBST - 1 minute @ RT. Apply a biotinylated secondary antibody appropriate for the primary antibody - 30 minutes @ RT. Rinse slides in 1X TBST -1 minute @ RT. Apply alkaline phosphatase streptavidin - 30 minutes @ RT. Rinse slides in 1X TBST -1 minute @ RT. Apply alkaline phosphatase chromogen substrate - 30 minutes @ RT. Wash slides in distilled water - 1 minute @ RT. Dehydrate: . (This method should only be used if the chromogen substrate is alcohol insoluble (e.g. Vector Red, DAB) . Wash slides in 2 changes of 80% alcohol - 1 minute each @ RT. Wash slides in 2 changes of 95% alcohol - 1 minute each @ RT. Wash slides in 3 changes of 100% alcohol - 1 minute each @ RT. Wash slides in 3 changes of xylene - 1 minute each @ RT. Apply coverslip

Family: Protein Kinase. Subfamily: PDK/BCKDK

PDK4 belongs to the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase subfamily. PDK4 contributes to the regulation of glucose metabolism by inhibiting the mitochondrial pyruvate dehyrogenase complex by phosphorylating the E1 alpha subunit. PDK4 is upregulated in many tissues of the body during starvation.

4505693

NP_002603.1

NM_002612.3

Q16654

Metabolism Pathway (477135); Pyruvate Metabolism Pathway (106205); Pyruvate Metabolism And Citric Acid (TCA) Cycle Pathway (106327); Regulation Of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) Complex Pathway (106109); Signal Transduction Pathway (477114); Signaling By Retinoic Acid Pathway (1127533); The Citric Acid (TCA) Cycle And Respiratory Electron Transport Pathway (477137)

This gene is a member of the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family and encodes a mitochondrial protein with a histidine kinase domain. This protein is located in the matrix of the mitrochondria and inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylating one of its subunits, thereby contributing to the regulation of glucose metabolism. Expression of this gene is regulated by glucocorticoids, retinoic acid and insulin. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

PDHK4: an ubiquitously expressed, atypical protein kinase associated with the mitochondrial matrix. The PDHKs play crucial roles in switching metabolic flux from oxidative phosphorylation towards glycolysis. PDHK4 is abundant in heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreatic islets. Contains a HATPase_c catalytic domain, found in several ATP-binding proteins including protein histidine kinases (PHKs), PHDKs, DNA gyrase B, topoisomerases, heat shock proteins, and DNA mismatch repair proteins. PDHK regulates glucose oxidation through inhibitory phosphorylation of the E1 alpha subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) at any one of 3 inhibitory serine residues. Inhibitory sites 1, 2, and 3 correspond to S293, S300, and S232 in human PDHA1, respectively. Four PDHK isoenzymes have been described, each with different site specificity: all four phosphorylate sites 1 and 2 but at different rates; for site 1 PDHK2 PDHK4 PDHK1 for site 2, PDHK3 PDHK4 PDHK2 PDHK1. Only PDHK1 phosphorylates site 3. PDHKs are recruited to the PDHC by binding to a lipoyl group covalently attached to the inner lipoyl domain of the E2 component. PDHA1 deficiency is the most common enzyme defect in patients with primary lactic acidosis. Suppression of PDH by PDHK inhibits the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, attenuates mitochondrial respiration, and may contribute to the increased lactate production observed in many tumors. The PDH pathway is repressed in a majority of non-small cell lung carcinomas. Inhibited by AZD7545, dichloroacetate (DCA), and radicicol. Radicicol inhibits kinase activity by binding directly to the ATP-binding pocket of PDHK, similar to HSP90 from the same ATPase/kinase superfamily. Protein type: Protein kinase, atypical; Mitochondrial; Kinase, protein; EC 2.7.11.2; ATYPICAL group; PDHK family. Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 7q21.3. Cellular Component: mitochondrion; mitochondrial matrix; mitochondrial inner membrane. Molecular Function: pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase activity; ATP binding; protein kinase activity. Biological Process: regulation of bone resorption; glucose metabolic process; regulation of acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate; glucose homeostasis; cellular response to starvation; protein amino acid phosphorylation; response to starvation; cellular metabolic process; regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process; regulation of fatty acid oxidation; insulin receptor signaling pathway; regulation of pH; pyruvate metabolic process

0.2 mL

530 USD