product summary
company name :
Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank
product type :
antibody
product name :
elav Drosophila protein
catalog :
Elav-9F8A9
clonality :
monoclonal
host :
mouse
conjugate :
nonconjugated
clone name :
Elav-9F8A9
reactivity :
fruit fly
application :
western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation
citations: 90
Published Application/Species/Sample/DilutionReference
  • immunohistochemistry; fruit fly; 1:50; loading ...; fig 1b
Domsch K, Carnesecchi J, Disela V, Friedrich J, Trost N, Ermakova O, et al. The Hox transcription factor Ubx stabilizes lineage commitment by suppressing cellular plasticity in Drosophila. elife. 2019;8: pubmed publisher
  • immunohistochemistry; fruit fly; 1:200; loading ...; fig 4f
Sun B, Tu J, Liang Q, Cheng X, Fan X, Li Y, et al. Expression of mammalian ASH1 and ASH4 in Drosophila reveals opposing functional roles in neurogenesis. Gene. 2019;688:132-139 pubmed publisher
  • immunohistochemistry; fruit fly; 1:500; fig 1b
Loubiere V, Delest A, Thomas A, Bonev B, Schuettengruber B, Sati S, et al. Coordinate redeployment of PRC1 proteins suppresses tumor formation during Drosophila development. Nat Genet. 2016;48:1436-1442 pubmed publisher
  • immunohistochemistry; fruit fly; 1:1000
Zhang Y, Cai R, Zhou R, Li Y, Liu L. Tousled-like kinase mediated a new type of cell death pathway in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ. 2016;23:146-57 pubmed publisher
  • immunocytochemistry; fruit fly; 1:100; fig s9b
Imai Y, Kobayashi Y, Inoshita T, Meng H, Arano T, Uemura K, et al. The Parkinson's Disease-Associated Protein Kinase LRRK2 Modulates Notch Signaling through the Endosomal Pathway. PLoS Genet. 2015;11:e1005503 pubmed publisher
  • immunocytochemistry; fruit fly; 1:200; fig 1
Frickenhaus M, Wagner M, Mallik M, Catinozzi M, Storkebaum E. Highly efficient cell-type-specific gene inactivation reveals a key function for the Drosophila FUS homolog cabeza in neurons. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9107 pubmed publisher
  • immunohistochemistry; fruit fly; 1:50
Levendusky M, Basle J, Chang S, Mandalaywala N, Voigt J, DEARBORN R. Expression and regulation of vitamin D3 upregulated protein 1 (VDUP1) is conserved in mammalian and insect brain. J Comp Neurol. 2009;517:581-600 pubmed publisher
Sengupta S, Crowe L, You S, Roberts M, Jackson F. A Secreted Ig-Domain Protein Required in Both Astrocytes and Neurons for Regulation of Drosophila Night Sleep. Curr Biol. 2019;29:2547-2554.e2 pubmed publisher
Donde A, Sun M, Ling J, Braunstein K, Pang B, Wen X, et al. Splicing repression is a major function of TDP-43 in motor neurons. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;: pubmed publisher
Kanca O, Andrews J, Lee P, Patel C, Braddock S, Slavotinek A, et al. De Novo Variants in WDR37 Are Associated with Epilepsy, Colobomas, Dysmorphism, Developmental Delay, Intellectual Disability, and Cerebellar Hypoplasia. Am J Hum Genet. 2019;105:413-424 pubmed publisher
Chahda J, Soni N, Sun J, Ebrahim S, Weiss B, Carlson J. The molecular and cellular basis of olfactory response to tsetse fly attractants. PLoS Genet. 2019;15:e1008005 pubmed publisher
Bardai F, Ordonez D, Bailey R, Hamm M, Lewis J, Feany M. Lrrk promotes tau neurotoxicity through dysregulation of actin and mitochondrial dynamics. PLoS Biol. 2018;16:e2006265 pubmed publisher
Ripp C, Loth J, Petrova I, Linnemannstöns K, Ulepic M, Fradkin L, et al. Drosophila Ror is a nervous system-specific co-receptor for Wnt ligands. Biol Open. 2018;7: pubmed publisher
Cusanovich D, Reddington J, Garfield D, Daza R, Aghamirzaie D, Marco Ferreres R, et al. The cis-regulatory dynamics of embryonic development at single-cell resolution. Nature. 2018;555:538-542 pubmed publisher
Morrison C, Chen H, Cook T, Brown S, Treisman J. Glass promotes the differentiation of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types in the Drosophila eye. PLoS Genet. 2018;14:e1007173 pubmed publisher
Ordonez D, Lee M, Feany M. α-synuclein Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction through Spectrin and the Actin Cytoskeleton. Neuron. 2018;97:108-124.e6 pubmed publisher
Hindle S, Hebbar S, Schwudke D, Elliott C, Sweeney S. A saposin deficiency model in Drosophila: Lysosomal storage, progressive neurodegeneration and sensory physiological decline. Neurobiol Dis. 2017;98:77-87 pubmed publisher
Bras Pereira C, Potier D, Jacobs J, Aerts S, Casares F, Janody F. dachshund Potentiates Hedgehog Signaling during Drosophila Retinogenesis. PLoS Genet. 2016;12:e1006204 pubmed publisher
Barekat A, Gonzalez A, Mauntz R, Kotzebue R, Molina B, El Mecharrafie N, et al. Using Drosophila as an integrated model to study mild repetitive traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep. 2016;6:25252 pubmed publisher
Liang X, Mahato S, Hemmerich C, Zelhof A. Two temporal functions of Glass: Ommatidium patterning and photoreceptor differentiation. Dev Biol. 2016;414:4-20 pubmed publisher
Corty M, Tam J, Grueber W. Dendritic diversification through transcription factor-mediated suppression of alternative morphologies. Development. 2016;143:1351-62 pubmed publisher
Jones T, Parilla M, Jones P. Transgenic Drosophila for Investigating DUX4 and FRG1, Two Genes Associated with Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD). PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0150938 pubmed publisher
Wang L, Hagemann T, Messing A, Feany M. An In Vivo Pharmacological Screen Identifies Cholinergic Signaling as a Therapeutic Target in Glial-Based Nervous System Disease. J Neurosci. 2016;36:1445-55 pubmed publisher
Matsuo E, Seki H, Asai T, Morimoto T, Miyakawa H, Ito K, et al. Organization of projection neurons and local neurons of the primary auditory center in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Neurol. 2016;524:1099-164 pubmed publisher
O Keefe L, Lee C, Choo A, Richards R. Tumor Suppressor WWOX Contributes to the Elimination of Tumorigenic Cells in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0136356 pubmed publisher
Haltom A, Lee T, Harvey B, Leonardi J, Chen Y, Hong Y, et al. The protein O-glucosyltransferase Rumi modifies eyes shut to promote rhabdomere separation in Drosophila. PLoS Genet. 2014;10:e1004795 pubmed publisher
Huang Y, Lu Y, Wu J, Chien C, Pi H. The COP9 signalosome converts temporal hormone signaling to spatial restriction on neural competence. PLoS Genet. 2014;10:e1004760 pubmed publisher
Barbaro B, Lukacsovich T, Agrawal N, Burke J, Bornemann D, Purcell J, et al. Comparative study of naturally occurring huntingtin fragments in Drosophila points to exon 1 as the most pathogenic species in Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24:913-25 pubmed publisher
Muthukumar A, Stork T, Freeman M. Activity-dependent regulation of astrocyte GAT levels during synaptogenesis. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17:1340-50 pubmed publisher
Bose A, Majot A, Bidwai A. The Ser/Thr phosphatase PP2A regulatory subunit widerborst inhibits notch signaling. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e101884 pubmed publisher
Shimamura M, Kyotani A, Azuma Y, Yoshida H, Binh Nguyen T, Mizuta I, et al. Genetic link between Cabeza, a Drosophila homologue of Fused in Sarcoma (FUS), and the EGFR signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res. 2014;326:36-45 pubmed publisher
Prince L, Korbas M, DAVIDSON P, Broberg K, Rand M. Target organ specific activity of drosophila MRP (ABCC1) moderates developmental toxicity of methylmercury. Toxicol Sci. 2014;140:425-35 pubmed publisher
Rogulja Ortmann A, Picao Osorio J, Villava C, Patraquim P, Lafuente E, Aspden J, et al. The RNA-binding protein ELAV regulates Hox RNA processing, expression and function within the Drosophila nervous system. Development. 2014;141:2046-56 pubmed publisher
Ghosh A, O Connor M. Systemic Activin signaling independently regulates sugar homeostasis, cellular metabolism, and pH balance in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:5729-34 pubmed publisher
Engel G, Rand M. The Notch target E(spl)mδ is a muscle-specific gene involved in methylmercury toxicity in motor neuron development. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2014;43:11-8 pubmed publisher
Kuang C, Golden K, Simon C, Damrath J, Buttitta L, Gamble C, et al. A novel fizzy/Cdc20-dependent mechanism suppresses necrosis in neural stem cells. Development. 2014;141:1453-64 pubmed publisher
Harumoto T, Anbutsu H, Fukatsu T. Male-killing Spiroplasma induces sex-specific cell death via host apoptotic pathway. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1003956 pubmed publisher
Singh M, Raj K, Sarkar S. Drosophila Myc, a novel modifier suppresses the poly(Q) toxicity by modulating the level of CREB binding protein and histone acetylation. Neurobiol Dis. 2014;63:48-61 pubmed publisher
Ida H, Suyari O, Shimamura M, Tien Tai T, Yamaguchi M, Taketani S. Genetic link between heme oxygenase and the signaling pathway of DNA damage in Drosophila melanogaster. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2013;231:117-25 pubmed
He H, Noll M. Differential and redundant functions of gooseberry and gooseberry neuro in the central nervous system and segmentation of the Drosophila embryo. Dev Biol. 2013;382:209-23 pubmed publisher
Yang Y, Hou L, Li Y, Ni J, Liu L. Neuronal necrosis and spreading death in a Drosophila genetic model. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e723 pubmed publisher
Cvetkovska V, Hibbert A, Emran F, Chen B. Overexpression of Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule impairs precise synaptic targeting. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:677-82 pubmed publisher
Kumimoto E, Fore T, Zhang B. Transcriptome Profiling Following Neuronal and Glial Expression of ALS-Linked SOD1 in Drosophila. G3 (Bethesda). 2013;3:695-708 pubmed publisher
Zappia M, Bernabo G, Billi S, Frasch A, Ceriani M, Brocco M. A role for the membrane protein M6 in the Drosophila visual system. BMC Neurosci. 2012;13:78 pubmed publisher
Bateman J, Johnson J, Locke M. Comparing enhancer action in cis and in trans. Genetics. 2012;191:1143-55 pubmed publisher
Melnattur K, Berdnik D, Rusan Z, Ferreira C, Nambu J. The sox gene Dichaete is expressed in local interneurons and functions in development of the Drosophila adult olfactory circuit. Dev Neurobiol. 2013;73:107-26 pubmed publisher
Pallavi S, Ho D, Hicks C, Miele L, Artavanis Tsakonas S. Notch and Mef2 synergize to promote proliferation and metastasis through JNK signal activation in Drosophila. EMBO J. 2012;31:2895-907 pubmed publisher
Besson M, Sinakevitch I, Melon C, Iché Torres M, Birman S. Involvement of the Drosophila taurine/aspartate transporter dEAAT2 in selective olfactory and gustatory perceptions. J Comp Neurol. 2011;519:2734-57 pubmed publisher
Miyazaki T, Ito K. Neural architecture of the primary gustatory center of Drosophila melanogaster visualized with GAL4 and LexA enhancer-trap systems. J Comp Neurol. 2010;518:4147-81 pubmed publisher
Malzer E, Daly M, Moloney A, Sendall T, Thomas S, Ryder E, et al. Impaired tissue growth is mediated by checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) in the integrated stress response. J Cell Sci. 2010;123:2892-900 pubmed publisher
Diao F, Chaufty J, Waro G, Tsunoda S. SIDL interacts with the dendritic targeting motif of Shal (K(v)4) K+ channels in Drosophila. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2010;45:75-83 pubmed publisher
Swanson C, Evans N, Barolo S. Structural rules and complex regulatory circuitry constrain expression of a Notch- and EGFR-regulated eye enhancer. Dev Cell. 2010;18:359-70 pubmed publisher
Jung A, Labarrera C, Labarerra C, Jansen A, Qvortrup K, Wild K, et al. A mutational analysis of the endophilin-A N-BAR domain performed in living flies. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e9492 pubmed publisher
Shafer O, Taghert P. RNA-interference knockdown of Drosophila pigment dispersing factor in neuronal subsets: the anatomical basis of a neuropeptide's circadian functions. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e8298 pubmed publisher
Jansen A, Nassel D, Madsen K, Jung A, Gether U, Kjaerulff O. PICK1 expression in the Drosophila central nervous system primarily occurs in the neuroendocrine system. J Comp Neurol. 2009;517:313-32 pubmed publisher
Martinez A, Schuettengruber B, Sakr S, Janic A, Gonzalez C, Cavalli G. Polyhomeotic has a tumor suppressor activity mediated by repression of Notch signaling. Nat Genet. 2009;41:1076-82 pubmed publisher
Simon F, Fichelson P, Gho M, Audibert A. Notch and Prospero repress proliferation following cyclin E overexpression in the Drosophila bristle lineage. PLoS Genet. 2009;5:e1000594 pubmed publisher
Zhang Y, Allodi S, Sandeman D, Beltz B. Adult neurogenesis in the crayfish brain: proliferation, migration, and possible origin of precursor cells. Dev Neurobiol. 2009;69:415-36 pubmed publisher
von Trotha J, Egger B, Brand A. Cell proliferation in the Drosophila adult brain revealed by clonal analysis and bromodeoxyuridine labelling. Neural Dev. 2009;4:9 pubmed publisher
Thorne N, Amrein H. Atypical expression of Drosophila gustatory receptor genes in sensory and central neurons. J Comp Neurol. 2008;506:548-68 pubmed
Berger C, Renner S, Lüer K, Technau G. The commonly used marker ELAV is transiently expressed in neuroblasts and glial cells in the Drosophila embryonic CNS. Dev Dyn. 2007;236:3562-8 pubmed
Laurencon A, Dubruille R, Efimenko E, Grenier G, Bissett R, Cortier E, et al. Identification of novel regulatory factor X (RFX) target genes by comparative genomics in Drosophila species. Genome Biol. 2007;8:R195 pubmed
Bader R, Colomb J, Pankratz B, Schröck A, Stocker R, Pankratz M. Genetic dissection of neural circuit anatomy underlying feeding behavior in Drosophila: distinct classes of hugin-expressing neurons. J Comp Neurol. 2007;502:848-56 pubmed
Ryoo H, Domingos P, Kang M, Steller H. Unfolded protein response in a Drosophila model for retinal degeneration. EMBO J. 2007;26:242-52 pubmed
Kuraishi T, Manaka J, Kono M, Ishii H, Yamamoto N, Koizumi K, et al. Identification of calreticulin as a marker for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in Drosophila. Exp Cell Res. 2007;313:500-10 pubmed
Sullivan J, Benton J, Sandeman D, Beltz B. Adult neurogenesis: a common strategy across diverse species. J Comp Neurol. 2007;500:574-84 pubmed
Gallagher C, Knoblich J. The conserved c2 domain protein lethal (2) giant discs regulates protein trafficking in Drosophila. Dev Cell. 2006;11:641-53 pubmed
Shafer O, Helfrich Forster C, Renn S, Taghert P. Reevaluation of Drosophila melanogaster's neuronal circadian pacemakers reveals new neuronal classes. J Comp Neurol. 2006;498:180-93 pubmed
Hennig K, Colombani J, Neufeld T. TOR coordinates bulk and targeted endocytosis in the Drosophila melanogaster fat body to regulate cell growth. J Cell Biol. 2006;173:963-74 pubmed
Fishilevich E, Domingos A, Asahina K, Naef F, Vosshall L, Louis M. Chemotaxis behavior mediated by single larval olfactory neurons in Drosophila. Curr Biol. 2005;15:2086-96 pubmed
LeComte M, Wesley U, Mok L, Shepherd A, Wesley C. Evidence for the involvement of dominant-negative Notch molecules in the normal course of Drosophila development. Dev Dyn. 2006;235:411-26 pubmed
Voas M, Rebay I. The novel plant homeodomain protein rhinoceros antagonizes Ras signaling in the Drosophila eye. Genetics. 2003;165:1993-2006 pubmed
Dow L, Brumby A, Muratore R, Coombe M, Sedelies K, Trapani J, et al. hScrib is a functional homologue of the Drosophila tumour suppressor Scribble. Oncogene. 2003;22:9225-30 pubmed
Sasamura T, Sasaki N, Miyashita F, Nakao S, Ishikawa H, Ito M, et al. neurotic, a novel maternal neurogenic gene, encodes an O-fucosyltransferase that is essential for Notch-Delta interactions. Development. 2003;130:4785-95 pubmed
Overstreet E, Chen X, Wendland B, Fischer J. Either part of a Drosophila epsin protein, divided after the ENTH domain, functions in endocytosis of delta in the developing eye. Curr Biol. 2003;13:854-60 pubmed
Cyran S, Buchsbaum A, Reddy K, Lin M, Glossop N, Hardin P, et al. vrille, Pdp1, and dClock form a second feedback loop in the Drosophila circadian clock. Cell. 2003;112:329-41 pubmed
Kidd S, Lieber T. Furin cleavage is not a requirement for Drosophila Notch function. Mech Dev. 2002;115:41-51 pubmed
Nakamura M, Baldwin D, Hannaford S, Palka J, Montell C. Defective proboscis extension response (DPR), a member of the Ig superfamily required for the gustatory response to salt. J Neurosci. 2002;22:3463-72 pubmed
Goto S, Taniguchi M, Muraoka M, Toyoda H, Sado Y, Kawakita M, et al. UDP-sugar transporter implicated in glycosylation and processing of Notch. Nat Cell Biol. 2001;3:816-22 pubmed
Nagaso H, Murata T, Day N, Yokoyama K. Simultaneous detection of RNA and protein by in situ hybridization and immunological staining. J Histochem Cytochem. 2001;49:1177-82 pubmed
Rusten T, Cantera R, Urban J, Technau G, Kafatos F, Barrio R. Spalt modifies EGFR-mediated induction of chordotonal precursors in the embryonic PNS of Drosophila promoting the development of oenocytes. Development. 2001;128:711-22 pubmed
Vosshall L, Wong A, Axel R. An olfactory sensory map in the fly brain. Cell. 2000;102:147-59 pubmed
Nagel A, Maier D, Preiss A. Su(H)-independent activity of hairless during mechano-sensory organ formation in Drosophila. Mech Dev. 2000;94:3-12 pubmed
Kavaler J, Fu W, Duan H, Noll M, Posakony J. An essential role for the Drosophila Pax2 homolog in the differentiation of adult sensory organs. Development. 1999;126:2261-72 pubmed
Lesokhin A, Yu S, Katz J, Baker N. Several levels of EGF receptor signaling during photoreceptor specification in wild-type, Ellipse, and null mutant Drosophila. Dev Biol. 1999;205:129-44 pubmed
Jacobsen T, Brennan K, Arias A, Muskavitch M. Cis-interactions between Delta and Notch modulate neurogenic signalling in Drosophila. Development. 1998;125:4531-40 pubmed
Simon A, Boquet I, Synguelakis M, Preat T. The Drosophila putative kinase linotte (derailed) prevents central brain axons from converging on a newly described interhemispheric ring. Mech Dev. 1998;76:45-55 pubmed
Baker N, Yu S, Han D. Evolution of proneural atonal expression during distinct regulatory phases in the developing Drosophila eye. Curr Biol. 1996;6:1290-301 pubmed
O Neill E, Rebay I, Tjian R, Rubin G. The activities of two Ets-related transcription factors required for Drosophila eye development are modulated by the Ras/MAPK pathway. Cell. 1994;78:137-47 pubmed
Ma C, Moses K. Wingless and patched are negative regulators of the morphogenetic furrow and can affect tissue polarity in the developing Drosophila compound eye. Development. 1995;121:2279-89 pubmed
product information
Internal ID :
1653
Name :
Elav-9F8A9
Depositor Name :
Rubin, Gerald M.
Depositor Institution :
HHMI / Janelia Farm Research
Date Deposited :
8/31/94
Allow Hybridoma Distribution :
Yes
Cells Available (legacy) :
Yes
Antigen :
elav Drosophila protein
Antigen Species :
Drosophila
Host Species :
mouse
Isotype :
MIgG1, kappa light chain
Isotype for catalog (legacy) :
IgG1
Positive Tested Species Reactivity :
Crayfish,Drosophila,Tsetse fly,Xenopus
Initial Publication Pubmed ID :
8033205 7671795
Depositor Notes (Special Instructions) :
Fusion: 3/6/92. elav-9F8A9 is is a marker for most cells in the central and peripheral nervous system, at all stages of development, once they have differentiated into a neuron.
Collections :
Cell markers,Drosophila antigens,Neurodevelopment,Nucleus
Search Keywords :
Rubin, Gerald M., elav Drosophila protein, Drosophila, MIgG1, kappa light chain, Drosophila/Crayfish/Xenopus, elav, embryonic lethal abnormal vision; EC7; EG:65F1.2, AB_528217 AB_2314363 AB_2314364, monoclonal, Drosophila antigens/Neurodevelopment/Nucleus/Cell markers, Immunohistochemistry/Immunofluorescence/Western Blot/Immunoprecipitation/FFPE
Antigen Molecular Weight :
50kDa
Gene :
elav
Alternate Gene Name(s) :
embryonic lethal abnormal vision; EC7; EG:65F1.2
Uniprot ID :
P16914
Antibody Registry ID :
AB_528217
Immunogen :
Recombinant total protein fused to the first 260 aa of phage T7 gene 10.
Immunogen Sequence :
Total protein
Clonality :
Monoclonal
Myeloma Strain :
P3x63Ag8.653
Epitope Mapped :
No
Recommended Applications :
FFPE,Immunofluorescence,Immunohistochemistry,Immunoprecipitation,Western Blot
Immunohistochemistry Pubmed IDs :
7671795 9767102 11533661 12049766 20550966 16331645 11511686 8939576 9882502 9778511 27095495 11171396 20011537 30875383
Immunofluorescence Pubmed IDs :
24632433 25006677 25305076 24803653 25393278 24928275 24863968 25151265 24706779 24291519 24598157 19749760 14704181 16332533 17436293 12747835 14681682 12581523 19294644 17994541 23550139 17084357 19757495 11978823 17120293 19824090 17170705 22580825 20682638 17137576 12917292 24126234 20230745 23886579 22648855 23846225 10207150 10943836 27143646 10842054 26942723 22649083 19662164 27105580 27442438 29249285 26762251 29324767 30571694 27913291 31353186 31332509 31327508
Western Blot Pubmed IDs :
17994541 24803653 20209138
Immunoprecipitation Pubmed IDs :
24803653 23666178
FFPE Pubmed IDs :
24863968
Depositor Growth Medium :
Iscove's
Additional Information :
The elav protein binds RNA and is involved in RNA processing. elav is a pan-neuronal marker (nuclear marker for post mitotic neurons) and is often used to contrast staining obtained with 8D12 anti-Repo, a marker of glial cells. This mAb works on WB, but the rat version Rat-Elav-7E8A10 anti-elav may work better [PMID 17994541].
DSHB Growth Medium :
Iscove's
References (legacy) :
Cell 78, 137-147.; Development 125, 4531-4540.; Development 126, 2261-2272.; Dev. Biol. 205, 129-144.; Mech. Dev. 94, 3-12.; Cell 102, 147-159.; Development 128, 711-722.; Nature Cell Biol. 3(9), 816-822.; J. Histochem. Cytochem. 49(9), 1177-1182.
company information
Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank
University of Iowa
http://dshb.biology.uiowa.edu
headquarters: US