product summary
company name :
Cell Signaling Technology
product type :
antibody
product name :
ULK1 (D8H5) Rabbit mAb
catalog :
8054
clonality :
monoclonal
host :
domestic rabbit
conjugate :
nonconjugated
clone name :
D8H5
reactivity :
human, mouse, rat
application :
western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, western blot knockout validation
citations: 74
Published Application/Species/Sample/DilutionReference
  • western blot knockout validation; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 7d
Jung S, Choe S, Woo H, Jeong H, An H, Moon H, et al. Autophagic death of neural stem cells mediates chronic stress-induced decline of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive deficits. Autophagy. 2019;:1-19 pubmed publisher
  • western blot knockout validation; mouse; fig s4d
Zhao P, Wong K, Sun X, Reilly S, Uhm M, Liao Z, et al. TBK1 at the Crossroads of Inflammation and Energy Homeostasis in Adipose Tissue. Cell. 2018;172:731-743.e12 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; loading ...; fig s8b
Soldati C, Lopez Fabuel I, Wanderlingh L, García Macia M, Monfregola J, Esposito A, et al. Repurposing of tamoxifen ameliorates CLN3 and CLN7 disease phenotype. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13:e13742 pubmed publisher
  • immunocytochemistry; human; fig 4b
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; fig 1a
  • immunohistochemistry; mouse; fig 2c
Jia Y, Li H, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhu J, Wei Y, et al. Crosstalk between hypoxia-sensing ULK1/2 and YAP-driven glycolysis fuels pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17:2772-2794 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 4a
Liu Q, Wu J, Zhang X, Li X, Wu X, Zhao Y, et al. Circulating mitochondrial DNA-triggered autophagy dysfunction via STING underlies sepsis-related acute lung injury. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12:673 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 6e
Amegandjin C, Choudhury M, Jadhav V, Carriço J, Quintal A, Berryer M, et al. Sensitive period for rescuing parvalbumin interneurons connectivity and social behavior deficits caused by TSC1 loss. Nat Commun. 2021;12:3653 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 2c
Hung C, Lombardo P, Malik N, Brun S, Hellberg K, Van Nostrand J, et al. AMPK/ULK1-mediated phosphorylation of Parkin ACT domain mediates an early step in mitophagy. Sci Adv. 2021;7: pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 4b
Chen Y, Wang R, Huang S, Henson E, Bi J, Gibson S. Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 (ERBB2) Promotes ATG12-Dependent Autophagy Contributing to Treatment Resistance of Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13: pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 2o
Tamargo Gómez I, Martínez García G, Suarez M, Rey V, Fueyo A, Codina Martínez H, et al. ATG4D is the main ATG8 delipidating enzyme in mammalian cells and protects against cerebellar neurodegeneration. Cell Death Differ. 2021;: pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 1d
Zhang X, Wang X, Yuan Z, Radford S, Liu C, Libutti S, et al. Amino acids-Rab1A-mTORC1 signaling controls whole-body glucose homeostasis. Cell Rep. 2021;34:108830 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; loading ...; fig s3i
Yamamoto K, Venida A, Yano J, Biancur D, Kakiuchi M, Gupta S, et al. Autophagy promotes immune evasion of pancreatic cancer by degrading MHC-I. Nature. 2020;581:100-105 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:500; loading ...; fig 7c
Zhao J, Li G, Zhao X, Lin X, Gao Y, Raimundo N, et al. Down-regulation of AMPK signaling pathway rescues hearing loss in TFB1 transgenic mice and delays age-related hearing loss. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12:5590-5611 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 2e
Chollat Namy M, Ben Safta Saadoun T, Haferssas D, Meurice G, Chouaib S, Thiery J. The pharmalogical reactivation of p53 function improves breast tumor cell lysis by granzyme B and NK cells through induction of autophagy. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:695 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 8a
Pringle E, Robinson C, McCormick C. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication Interferes with mTORC1 Regulation of Autophagy and Viral Protein Synthesis. J Virol. 2019;93: pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:500; loading ...; fig 6s2a
Stavoe A, Gopal P, Gubas A, Tooze S, Holzbaur E. Expression of WIPI2B counteracts age-related decline in autophagosome biogenesis in neurons. elife. 2019;8: pubmed publisher
  • immunocytochemistry; human; loading ...; fig 3g
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 3d
Slobodnyuk K, Radic N, Ivanova S, Lladó A, Trempolec N, Zorzano A, et al. Autophagy-induced senescence is regulated by p38α signaling. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:376 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 3g
Ding X, Jiang X, Tian R, Zhao P, Li L, Wang X, et al. RAB2 regulates the formation of autophagosome and autolysosome in mammalian cells. Autophagy. 2019;:1-13 pubmed publisher
  • immunocytochemistry; human; loading ...; fig 9a
Judith D, Jefferies H, Boeing S, Frith D, Snijders A, Tooze S. ATG9A shapes the forming autophagosome through Arfaptin 2 and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ. J Cell Biol. 2019;218:1634-1652 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig s3c
Horos R, Büscher M, Kleinendorst R, Alleaume A, Tarafder A, Schwarzl T, et al. The Small Non-coding Vault RNA1-1 Acts as a Riboregulator of Autophagy. Cell. 2019;176:1054-1067.e12 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; 1:1000; loading ...; fig e4c
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 1a
Ranek M, Kokkonen Simon K, Chen A, Dunkerly Eyring B, Vera M, Oeing C, et al. PKG1-modified TSC2 regulates mTORC1 activity to counter adverse cardiac stress. Nature. 2019;566:264-269 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 3a
Nnah I, Wang B, Saqcena C, Weber G, Bonder E, Bagley D, et al. TFEB-driven endocytosis coordinates MTORC1 signaling and autophagy. Autophagy. 2019;15:151-164 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig s8b
  • western blot; human; fig s8c, s8d
Wang Y, Du L, Liang X, Meng P, Bi L, Wang Y, et al. Sirtuin 4 Depletion Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tumorigenesis Through Regulating Adenosine-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Alpha/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Axis in Mice. Hepatology. 2018;: pubmed publisher
  • immunoprecipitation; mouse; fig 6j
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 6d, 6b
Zhu L, Xie X, Zhang L, Wang H, Jie Z, Zhou X, et al. TBK-binding protein 1 regulates IL-15-induced autophagy and NKT cell survival. Nat Commun. 2018;9:2812 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 5g
Pei G, Buijze H, Liu H, Moura Alves P, Goosmann C, Brinkmann V, et al. The E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 enhances killing of membrane-perturbing intracellular bacteria by promoting autophagy. Autophagy. 2017;13:2041-2055 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:3000; loading ...; fig 4a
Sun H, Krauss R, Chang J, Teng B. PCSK9 deficiency reduces atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein B secretion, and endothelial dysfunction. J Lipid Res. 2018;59:207-223 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig s3a
Bansal M, Moharir S, Sailasree S, Sirohi K, Sudhakar C, Sarathi D, et al. Optineurin promotes autophagosome formation by recruiting the autophagy-related Atg12-5-16L1 complex to phagophores containing the Wipi2 protein. J Biol Chem. 2018;293:132-147 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig s1c
Merrill N, Schipper J, Karnes J, Kauffman A, Martin K, Mackeigan J. PI3K-C2? knockdown decreases autophagy and maturation of endocytic vesicles. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0184909 pubmed publisher
  • immunoprecipitation; mouse; loading ...; fig 7c
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 7c
Ruan H, Ma Y, Torres S, Zhang B, Feriod C, Heck R, et al. Calcium-dependent O-GlcNAc signaling drives liver autophagy in adaptation to starvation. Genes Dev. 2017;31:1655-1665 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig s4n
Zhao Y, Chen Y, Miao G, Zhao H, Qu W, Li D, et al. The ER-Localized Transmembrane Protein EPG-3/VMP1 Regulates SERCA Activity to Control ER-Isolation Membrane Contacts for Autophagosome Formation. Mol Cell. 2017;67:974-989.e6 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 1b
  • western blot; rat; loading ...; fig 1a
Bartolomeo R, Cinque L, De Leonibus C, Forrester A, Salzano A, Monfregola J, et al. mTORC1 hyperactivation arrests bone growth in lysosomal storage disorders by suppressing autophagy. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:3717-3729 pubmed publisher
  • immunocytochemistry; human; loading ...; fig s2c
Joachim J, Razi M, Judith D, Wirth M, Calamita E, Encheva V, et al. Centriolar Satellites Control GABARAP Ubiquitination and GABARAP-Mediated Autophagy. Curr Biol. 2017;27:2123-2136.e7 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 8c
Liu C, Choi H, Johnson Z, Tian J, Shapiro I, Risbud M. Lack of evidence for involvement of TonEBP and hyperosmotic stimulus in induction of autophagy in the nucleus pulposus. Sci Rep. 2017;7:4543 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 3c
Dai S, Dulcey A, Hu X, Wassif C, Porter F, Austin C, et al. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin restores impaired autophagy flux in Niemann-Pick C1-deficient cells through activation of AMPK. Autophagy. 2017;13:1435-1451 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 5j
Bakula D, Müller A, Zuleger T, Takacs Z, Franz Wachtel M, Thost A, et al. WIPI3 and WIPI4 β-propellers are scaffolds for LKB1-AMPK-TSC signalling circuits in the control of autophagy. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15637 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 2a
Wolfson R, Chantranupong L, Wyant G, Gu X, Orozco J, Shen K, et al. KICSTOR recruits GATOR1 to the lysosome and is necessary for nutrients to regulate mTORC1. Nature. 2017;543:438-442 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 7g
Jung J, Nayak A, Schaeffer V, Starzetz T, Kirsch A, Muller S, et al. Multiplex image-based autophagy RNAi screening identifies SMCR8 as ULK1 kinase activity and gene expression regulator. elife. 2017;6: pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; fig s7d
Chan L, Chen Z, Braas D, Lee J, Xiao G, Geng H, et al. Metabolic gatekeeper function of B-lymphoid transcription factors. Nature. 2017;542:479-483 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 3d
Cooper H, Yang Y, Ylikallio E, Khairullin R, Woldegebriel R, Lin K, et al. ATPase-deficient mitochondrial inner membrane protein ATAD3A disturbs mitochondrial dynamics in dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia. Hum Mol Genet. 2017;26:1432-1443 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 4a
Kissing S, Rudnik S, Damme M, Lüllmann Rauch R, Ichihara A, Kornak U, et al. Disruption of the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase complex in liver causes MTORC1-independent accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes. Autophagy. 2017;13:670-685 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 2f
Cramer S, Saha A, Liu J, Tadi S, Tiziani S, Yan W, et al. Systemic depletion of L-cyst(e)ine with cyst(e)inase increases reactive oxygen species and suppresses tumor growth. Nat Med. 2017;23:120-127 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 3e
Li D, Xie B, Wu X, Li J, Ding Y, Wen X, et al. Late-stage inhibition of autophagy enhances calreticulin surface exposure. Oncotarget. 2016;7:80842-80854 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig s3c
  • immunoprecipitation; mouse; loading ...; fig 6d
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 6d
Yang M, Liang C, Swaminathan K, Herrlinger S, Lai F, Shiekhattar R, et al. A C9ORF72/SMCR8-containing complex regulates ULK1 and plays a dual role in autophagy. Sci Adv. 2016;2:e1601167 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; loading ...; fig 2
Ogasawara R, Fujita S, Hornberger T, Kitaoka Y, Makanae Y, Nakazato K, et al. The role of mTOR signalling in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass in a rodent model of resistance exercise. Sci Rep. 2016;6:31142 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; fig 4a
Bartlett J, Trivedi P, Yeung P, Kienesberger P, Pulinilkunnil T. Doxorubicin impairs cardiomyocyte viability by suppressing transcription factor EB expression and disrupting autophagy. Biochem J. 2016;473:3769-3789 pubmed
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 5b
Wang J, Zhou J, Kho D, Reiners J, Wu G. Role for DUSP1 (dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1) in the regulation of autophagy. Autophagy. 2016;12:1791-1803 pubmed
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 3a
Choi H, Merceron C, Mangiavini L, Seifert E, Schipani E, Shapiro I, et al. Hypoxia promotes noncanonical autophagy in nucleus pulposus cells independent of MTOR and HIF1A signaling. Autophagy. 2016;12:1631-46 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 4
Kuramoto K, Wang N, Fan Y, Zhang W, Schoenen F, Frankowski K, et al. Autophagy activation by novel inducers prevents BECN2-mediated drug tolerance to cannabinoids. Autophagy. 2016;12:1460-71 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...
Xie N, Yuan K, Zhou L, Wang K, Chen H, Lei Y, et al. PRKAA/AMPK restricts HBV replication through promotion of autophagic degradation. Autophagy. 2016;12:1507-20 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 6b
Schütz I, López Hernández T, Gao Q, Puchkov D, Jabs S, Nordmeyer D, et al. Lysosomal Dysfunction Caused by Cellular Accumulation of Silica Nanoparticles. J Biol Chem. 2016;291:14170-84 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; fig s2
Song J, Sun Y, Peluso I, Zeng Y, Yu X, Lu J, et al. A novel curcumin analog binds to and activates TFEB in vitro and in vivo independent of MTOR inhibition. Autophagy. 2016;12:1372-89 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; fig 2
Liu D, Bordicchia M, Zhang C, Fang H, Wei W, Li J, et al. Activation of mTORC1 is essential for ?-adrenergic stimulation of adipose browning. J Clin Invest. 2016;126:1704-16 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 3d
Chen S, Wang C, Yeo S, Liang C, Okamoto T, Sun S, et al. Distinct roles of autophagy-dependent and -independent functions of FIP200 revealed by generation and analysis of a mutant knock-in mouse model. Genes Dev. 2016;30:856-69 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; fig s3
Liu X, Xiao Z, Han L, Zhang J, Lee S, Wang W, et al. LncRNA NBR2 engages a metabolic checkpoint by regulating AMPK under energy stress. Nat Cell Biol. 2016;18:431-42 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; fig 1
Button R, Vincent J, Strang C, Luo S. Dual PI-3 kinase/mTOR inhibition impairs autophagy flux and induces cell death independent of apoptosis and necroptosis. Oncotarget. 2016;7:5157-75 pubmed publisher
  • immunohistochemistry; human; fig 7
  • western blot; human; fig 3
Zhao F, Huang W, Zhang Z, Mao L, Han Y, Yan J, et al. Triptolide induces protective autophagy through activation of the CaMKKβ-AMPK signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2016;7:5366-82 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; fig 4
Lesmana R, Sinha R, Singh B, Zhou J, Ohba K, Wu Y, et al. Thyroid Hormone Stimulation of Autophagy Is Essential for Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Activity in Skeletal Muscle. Endocrinology. 2016;157:23-38 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; fig 2
Marchi S, Corricelli M, Trapani E, Bravi L, Pittaro A, Delle Monache S, et al. Defective autophagy is a key feature of cerebral cavernous malformations. EMBO Mol Med. 2015;7:1403-17 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse
Fukui K, Ferris H, Kahn C. Effect of cholesterol reduction on receptor signaling in neurons. J Biol Chem. 2015;290:26383-92 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; 1:1000; fig 3e
Zhang J, Tripathi D, Jing J, Alexander A, Kim J, Powell R, et al. ATM functions at the peroxisome to induce pexophagy in response to ROS. Nat Cell Biol. 2015;17:1259-1269 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 4
Ritho J, Arold S, Yeh E. A Critical SUMO1 Modification of LKB1 Regulates AMPK Activity during Energy Stress. Cell Rep. 2015;12:734-42 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 3d
Drießen S, Berleth N, Friesen O, Löffler A, Böhler P, Hieke N, et al. Deubiquitinase inhibition by WP1130 leads to ULK1 aggregation and blockade of autophagy. Autophagy. 2015;11:1458-70 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; loading ...; fig 5b
McMillan E, Paré M, Baechler B, Graham D, Rush J, Quadrilatero J. Autophagic signaling and proteolytic enzyme activity in cardiac and skeletal muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats following chronic aerobic exercise. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0119382 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 7
Kemp M, Lindsey Boltz L, Sancar A. UV Light Potentiates STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes)-dependent Innate Immune Signaling through Deregulation of ULK1 (Unc51-like Kinase 1). J Biol Chem. 2015;290:12184-94 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; 1:1000
  • western blot; human; 1:1000
Harris White M, Ferbas K, Johnson M, Eslami P, Poteshkina A, Venkova K, et al. A cell-penetrating ester of the neural metabolite lanthionine ketimine stimulates autophagy through the mTORC1 pathway: Evidence for a mechanism of action with pharmacological implications for neurodegenerative pathologies. Neurobiol Dis. 2015;84:60-8 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig s9
Rebsamen M, Pochini L, Stasyk T, de Araújo M, Galluccio M, Kandasamy R, et al. SLC38A9 is a component of the lysosomal amino acid sensing machinery that controls mTORC1. Nature. 2015;519:477-81 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse
Ost M, Werner F, Dokas J, Klaus S, Voigt A. Activation of AMPK?2 is not crucial for mitochondrial uncoupling-induced metabolic effects but required to maintain skeletal muscle integrity. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e94689 pubmed publisher
Kitaoka Y, Takeda K, Tamura Y, Fujimaki S, Takemasa T, Hatta H. Nrf2 deficiency does not affect denervation-induced alterations in mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins in skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep. 2016;4: pubmed publisher
Sinha R, Singh B, Zhou J, Xie S, Farah B, Lesmana R, et al. Loss of ULK1 increases RPS6KB1-NCOR1 repression of NR1H/LXR-mediated Scd1 transcription and augments lipotoxicity in hepatic cells. Autophagy. 2017;13:169-186 pubmed publisher
Webster C, Smith E, Bauer C, Moller A, Hautbergue G, Ferraiuolo L, et al. The C9orf72 protein interacts with Rab1a and the ULK1 complex to regulate initiation of autophagy. EMBO J. 2016;35:1656-76 pubmed publisher
Cervia D, Assi E, De Palma C, Giovarelli M, Bizzozero L, Pambianco S, et al. Essential role for acid sphingomyelinase-inhibited autophagy in melanoma response to cisplatin. Oncotarget. 2016;7:24995-5009 pubmed publisher
Liang D, Han D, Fan W, Zhang R, Qiao H, Fan M, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of apelin on transplanted mesenchymal stem cells in hindlimb ischemic mice via regulation of autophagy. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21914 pubmed publisher
Hieke N, Löffler A, Kaizuka T, Berleth N, Böhler P, Drießen S, et al. Expression of a ULK1/2 binding-deficient ATG13 variant can partially restore autophagic activity in ATG13-deficient cells. Autophagy. 2015;11:1471-83 pubmed publisher
Mimouna S, Bazin M, Mograbi B, Darfeuille Michaud A, Brest P, Hofman P, et al. HIF1A regulates xenophagic degradation of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). Autophagy. 2014;10:2333-45 pubmed publisher
Xie C, Liu X, Sham K, Lai J, Cheng C. Silencing of EEF2K (eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase) reveals AMPK-ULK1-dependent autophagy in colon cancer cells. Autophagy. 2014;10:1495-508 pubmed publisher
product information
SKU :
8054S
Product-Name :
ULK1 (D8H5) Rabbit mAb
Size :
100 ul
Price-(USD) :
235 USD
Species-x-Reactivity :
H, M, R, Mk
Applications :
Immunoprecipitation
Product-Category :
Autophagy
Shipping-Temp :
COLD
Storage-Temp :
-20°C
Product-Type :
Monoclonal Antibody
MW :
150
Host :
Rabbit
Target :
ULK1
Primary-Protein :
ULK1
Alt-Names :
ATG1,ATG1 autophagy related 1 homolog,FLJ38455,FLJ46475,KIAA0722,Serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1,ULK1,UNC51,Unc-51-like kinase 1,Unc51.1,unc-51-like kinase 1 (C. elegans)
company information
Cell Signaling Technology
3 Trask Lane
Danvers, MA 01923
info@cellsignal.com
https://www.cellsignal.com
8776162355
headquarters: USA
Established in Beverly, MA in 1999, Cell Signaling Technology (CST) is a privately-owned company with over 400 employees worldwide. We are dedicated to providing innovative research tools that are used to help define mechanisms underlying cell function and disease. Since its inception, CST has become the world leader in the production of the highest quality activation-state and total protein antibodies utilized to expand knowledge of cell signaling pathways. Our mission is to deliver the world's highest quality research tools that accelerate progress in biological research and personalized medicine.