product summary
company name :
Cell Signaling Technology
product type :
antibody
product name :
Akt1 (C73H10) Rabbit mAb
catalog :
2938
clonality :
monoclonal
host :
domestic rabbit
conjugate :
nonconjugated
clone name :
C73H10
reactivity :
human, mouse, rat, domestic rabbit
application :
western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry - paraffin section, immunohistochemistry - free floating section, western blot knockout validation
citations: 75
Published Application/Species/Sample/DilutionReference
  • western blot knockout validation; mouse; loading ...; fig 5a
  • western blot knockout validation; rat; loading ...; fig 6b
Peng Z, Aggarwal R, Zeng N, He L, Stiles E, Debebe A, et al. AKT1 Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mediates the Adaptive Response of Pancreatic β Cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2020;40: pubmed publisher
  • immunohistochemistry - free floating section; human; 1:100; loading ...; fig 6
  • western blot knockout validation; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 7a
Levenga J, Wong H, Milstead R, LaPlante L, Hoeffer C. Immunohistological Examination of AKT Isoforms in the Brain: Cell-Type Specificity That May Underlie AKT's Role in Complex Brain Disorders and Neurological Disease. Cereb Cortex Commun. 2021;2:tgab036 pubmed publisher
  • western blot knockout validation; human; loading ...; fig 1a
Wang J, Zhao W, Guo H, Fang Y, Stockman S, Bai S, et al. AKT isoform-specific expression and activation across cancer lineages. BMC Cancer. 2018;18:742 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 1f, 3g, 4j, 5l
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 1g
Jiang Q, Zheng N, Bu L, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wu Y, et al. SPOP-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of PDK1 suppresses AKT kinase activity and oncogenic functions. Mol Cancer. 2021;20:100 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:14,000; loading ...; fig 8b
Bruce J, Sánchez Alvarez R, Sans M, Sugden S, Qi N, James A, et al. Insulin protects acinar cells during pancreatitis by preserving glycolytic ATP supply to calcium pumps. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4386 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 1c
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 1h, 3g, 4a
Guo J, Cheng J, Zheng N, Zhang X, Dai X, Zhang L, et al. Copper Promotes Tumorigenesis by Activating the PDK1-AKT Oncogenic Pathway in a Copper Transporter 1 Dependent Manner. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2021;8:e2004303 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; fig 4i
Yin H, Wang J, Li H, Yu Y, Wang X, Lu L, et al. Extracellular matrix protein-1 secretory isoform promotes ovarian cancer through increasing alternative mRNA splicing and stemness. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4230 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 7b
Shang P, Stepicheva N, Teel K, McCauley A, Fitting C, Hose S, et al. βA3/A1-crystallin regulates apical polarity and EGFR endocytosis in retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Commun Biol. 2021;4:850 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:3000; loading ...; fig 1a, 1b
Yin S, Liu L, Brobbey C, PALANISAMY V, Ball L, Olsen S, et al. PRMT5-mediated arginine methylation activates AKT kinase to govern tumorigenesis. Nat Commun. 2021;12:3444 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 5g
Han Z, Zhang W, Ning W, Wang C, Deng W, Li Z, et al. Model-based analysis uncovers mutations altering autophagy selectivity in human cancer. Nat Commun. 2021;12:3258 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 1d
Di Giorgio E, Paluvai H, Dalla E, Ranzino L, Renzini A, Moresi V, et al. HDAC4 degradation during senescence unleashes an epigenetic program driven by AP-1/p300 at selected enhancers and super-enhancers. Genome Biol. 2021;22:129 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:200; loading ...; fig 1a
Zhang S, Li L, Xie D, Reddy S, Sleasman J, Ma L, et al. Regulation of Intrinsic and Bystander T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and Autoimmunity by Tsc1. Front Immunol. 2021;12:620437 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:200; loading ...; fig 1a
Mirasbekov Y, Zhumakhanova A, Zhantuyakova A, Sarkytbayev K, Malashenkov D, Baishulakova A, et al. Semi-automated classification of colonial Microcystis by FlowCAM imaging flow cytometry in mesocosm experiment reveals high heterogeneity during seasonal bloom. Sci Rep. 2021;11:9377 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 2a
Alghanem A, Abello J, Maurer J, Kumar A, Ta C, Gunasekar S, et al. The SWELL1-LRRC8 complex regulates endothelial AKT-eNOS signaling and vascular function. elife. 2021;10: pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 2a
Kumar A, Xie L, Ta C, Hinton A, Gunasekar S, Minerath R, et al. SWELL1 regulates skeletal muscle cell size, intracellular signaling, adiposity and glucose metabolism. elife. 2020;9: pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:2000; fig s3
Nozaki Y, Motomura H, Tamori S, Kimura Y, Onaga C, Kanai S, et al. High PKCλ expression is required for ALDH1-positive cancer stem cell function and indicates a poor clinical outcome in late-stage breast cancer patients. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0235747 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 4b
Koren Iton A, Salomon Zimri S, Smolar A, Shavit Stein E, Dori A, Chapman J, et al. Central and Peripheral Mechanisms in ApoE4-Driven Diabetic Pathology. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21: pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 6a
Luo X, Jiang X, Li J, Bai Y, Li Z, Wei P, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 attenuates oxidative stress-induced hepatocyte premature senescence in liver fibrogenesis via regulating nuclear p53-progerin interaction. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:451 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 2d
Guo J, Dai X, Laurent B, Zheng N, Gan W, Zhang J, et al. AKT methylation by SETDB1 promotes AKT kinase activity and oncogenic functions. Nat Cell Biol. 2019;21:226-237 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 1c
Silva M, Davoli Ferreira M, Medina T, Sesti Costa R, Silva G, Lopes C, et al. Canonical PI3Kγ signaling in myeloid cells restricts Trypanosoma cruzi infection and dampens chagasic myocarditis. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1513 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 6e
Shen L, Qu X, Li H, Xu C, Wei M, Wang Q, et al. NDRG2 facilitates colorectal cancer differentiation through the regulation of Skp2-p21/p27 axis. Oncogene. 2018;37:1759-1774 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 4b
Protack C, Foster T, Hashimoto T, Yamamoto K, Lee M, Kraehling J, et al. Eph-B4 regulates adaptive venous remodeling to improve arteriovenous fistula patency. Sci Rep. 2017;7:15386 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 2c
Al Khalaf H, Amir M, Al Mohanna F, Tulbah A, Al Sayed A, Aboussekhra A. Obesity and p16INK4A Downregulation Activate Breast Adipocytes and Promote Their Protumorigenicity. Mol Cell Biol. 2017;37: pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:2000; loading ...; fig 7a
Yoo S, Latifkar A, Cerione R, Antonyak M. Cool-associated Tyrosine-phosphorylated Protein 1 Is Required for the Anchorage-independent Growth of Cervical Carcinoma Cells by Binding Paxillin and Promoting AKT Activation. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:3947-3957 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; loading ...; fig 1i
Pal M, Gupta S. Testosterone supplementation improves glucose homeostasis despite increasing hepatic insulin resistance in male mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Diabetes. 2016;6:e236 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; fig 1
Möllmann J, Kahles F, Lebherz C, Kappel B, Baeck C, Tacke F, et al. The PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast reduces weight gain by increasing energy expenditure and leads to improved glucose metabolism. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19:496-508 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:2000; loading ...; fig 5a
He X, Liu Z, Xia Y, Xu J, Lv G, Wang L, et al. HOXB7 overexpression promotes cell proliferation and correlates with poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients by inducing expression of both AKT and MARKs. Oncotarget. 2017;8:1247-1261 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 5a
Nonomiya Y, Noguchi K, Tanaka N, Kasagaki T, Katayama K, Sugimoto Y. Effect of AKT3 expression on MYC- and caspase-8-dependent apoptosis caused by polo-like kinase inhibitors in HCT 116 cells. Cancer Sci. 2016;107:1877-1887 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 2
Franzese O, Palermo B, Di Donna C, Sperduti I, Ferraresi V, Stabile H, et al. Polyfunctional Melan-A-specific tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells elicited by dacarbazine treatment before peptide-vaccination depends on AKT activation sustained by ICOS. Oncoimmunology. 2016;5:e1114203 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 2a
Hendrayani S, Al Harbi B, Al Ansari M, Silva G, Aboussekhra A. The inflammatory/cancer-related IL-6/STAT3/NF-?B positive feedback loop includes AUF1 and maintains the active state of breast myofibroblasts. Oncotarget. 2016;7:41974-41985 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:500; fig 4
Fabbri R, Macciocca M, Vicenti R, Paradisi R, Klinger F, Pasquinelli G, et al. Doxorubicin and cisplatin induce apoptosis in ovarian stromal cells obtained from cryopreserved human ovarian tissue. Future Oncol. 2016;12:1699-711 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:3000; fig 8
Kii I, Sumida Y, Goto T, Sonamoto R, Okuno Y, Yoshida S, et al. Selective inhibition of the kinase DYRK1A by targeting its folding process. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11391 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; fig s4
Du L, Chen X, Cao Y, Lu L, Zhang F, Bornstein S, et al. Overexpression of PIK3CA in murine head and neck epithelium drives tumor invasion and metastasis through PDK1 and enhanced TGFβ signaling. Oncogene. 2016;35:4641-52 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; fig 2
Malanga D, Belmonte S, Colelli F, Scarfò M, De Marco C, Oliveira D, et al. AKT1E¹⁷K Is Oncogenic in Mouse Lung and Cooperates with Chemical Carcinogens in Inducing Lung Cancer. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0147334 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; fig 6
Gu K, Zhang Q, Yan Y, Li T, Duan F, Hao J, et al. Pluripotency-associated miR-290/302 family of microRNAs promote the dismantling of naive pluripotency. Cell Res. 2016;26:350-66 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 4a
Lv H, Zhang Z, Wu X, Wang Y, Li C, Gong W, et al. Preclinical Evaluation of Liposomal C8 Ceramide as a Potent anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Agent. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0145195 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; loading ...; fig 6e
Hu Y, Guo R, Wei J, Zhou Y, Ji W, Liu J, et al. Effects of PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120 on overcoming drug resistance and eliminating cancer stem cells in human breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis. 2015;6:e2020 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; fig s3
Wang J, Cao Y, Li Q, Yang Y, Jin M, Chen D, et al. A pivotal role of FOS-mediated BECN1/Beclin 1 upregulation in dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist-induced autophagy activation. Autophagy. 2015;11:2057-2073 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; 1:1000
Li M, Yang S, Xing B, Ferguson B, Gulchina Y, Li Y, et al. LY395756, an mGluR2 agonist and mGluR3 antagonist, enhances NMDA receptor expression and function in the normal adult rat prefrontal cortex, but fails to improve working memory and reverse MK801-induced working memory impairment. Exp Neurol. 2015;273:190-201 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; loading ...; fig 6
Conde Perez A, Gros G, Longvert C, Pedersen M, Petit V, Aktary Z, et al. A caveolin-dependent and PI3K/AKT-independent role of PTEN in β-catenin transcriptional activity. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8093 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; fig 4
Zhang Y, Wei X, Liang Y, Chen W, Zhang F, Bai J, et al. Over-Expressed Twist Associates with Markers of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancers via ERK and Akt Activation. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0135851 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000
Hellesøy M, Lorens J. Cellular context-mediated Akt dynamics regulates MAP kinase signaling thresholds during angiogenesis. Mol Biol Cell. 2015;26:2698-711 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse
Seo K, Lee S, Ye B, Kim Y, Bae S, Kim C. Mechanical stretch enhances the expression and activity of osteopontin and MMP-2 via the Akt1/AP-1 pathways in VSMC. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2015;85:13-24 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; fig 3
Li J, Ren J, Liu X, Jiang L, He W, Yuan W, et al. Rictor/mTORC2 signaling mediates TGFβ1-induced fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int. 2015;88:515-27 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; fig 3
Cheng H, Liang Y, Kuo Y, Chuu C, Lin C, Lee M, et al. Identification of thioridazine, an antipsychotic drug, as an antiglioblastoma and anticancer stem cell agent using public gene expression data. Cell Death Dis. 2015;6:e1753 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000
Major J, Salih M, Tuana B. Interplay between the E2F pathway and β-adrenergic signaling in the pathological hypertrophic response of myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2015;84:179-90 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human; 1:1000; fig 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Desantis A, Bruno T, Catena V, De Nicola F, Goeman F, Iezzi S, et al. Che-1-induced inhibition of mTOR pathway enables stress-induced autophagy. EMBO J. 2015;34:1214-30 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse; 1:1000; fig 5
Jeffery E, Church C, Holtrup B, Colman L, Rodeheffer M. Rapid depot-specific activation of adipocyte precursor cells at the onset of obesity. Nat Cell Biol. 2015;17:376-85 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat
Dongiovanni P, Lanti C, Gatti S, Rametta R, Recalcati S, Maggioni M, et al. High fat diet subverts hepatocellular iron uptake determining dysmetabolic iron overload. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0116855 pubmed publisher
  • immunohistochemistry - paraffin section; human; 1:200; fig 2
Xu T, Su B, Wang C, Wang S, Huang H, Pan Y, et al. Molecular markers to assess short-term disease local recurrence in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2015;33:1418-26 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; human
Peres J, Mowla S, Prince S. The T-box transcription factor, TBX3, is a key substrate of AKT3 in melanomagenesis. Oncotarget. 2015;6:1821-33 pubmed
  • western blot; human; 1:1000
Ninio Many L, Grossman H, Levi M, Zilber S, Tsarfaty I, Shomron N, et al. MicroRNA miR-125a-3p modulates molecular pathway of motility and migration in prostate cancer cells. Oncoscience. 2014;1:250-261 pubmed
  • western blot; human; fig 1
Blanchard Z, Paul B, Craft B, ElShamy W. BRCA1-IRIS inactivation overcomes paclitaxel resistance in triple negative breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res. 2015;17:5 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse
Bisson J, Mills B, Paul Helt J, Zwaka T, Cohen E. Wnt5a and Wnt11 inhibit the canonical Wnt pathway and promote cardiac progenitor development via the Caspase-dependent degradation of AKT. Dev Biol. 2015;398:80-96 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; 1:1000
Ledonne A, Nobili A, Latagliata E, Cavallucci V, Guatteo E, Puglisi Allegra S, et al. Neuregulin 1 signalling modulates mGluR1 function in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20:959-73 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; domestic rabbit; 1:2,000
Jiang Y, Kou Z, Wu T, An W, Zhou R, Wang H, et al. Xist deficiency and disorders of X-inactivation in rabbit embryonic stem cells can be rescued by transcription-factor-mediated conversion. Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23:2283-96 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; rat; 1:1000
Morgan K, Black L. Mimicking isovolumic contraction with combined electromechanical stimulation improves the development of engineered cardiac constructs. Tissue Eng Part A. 2014;20:1654-67 pubmed publisher
  • western blot; mouse
O Brien T, Gorentla B, Xie D, Srivatsan S, McLeod I, He Y, et al. Regulation of T-cell survival and mitochondrial homeostasis by TSC1. Eur J Immunol. 2011;41:3361-70 pubmed publisher
Al Khalaf H, Al Harbi B, Al Sayed A, Arafah M, Tulbah A, Jarman A, et al. Interleukin-8 Activates Breast Cancer-Associated Adipocytes and Promotes Their Angiogenesis- and Tumorigenesis-Promoting Effects. Mol Cell Biol. 2019;39: pubmed publisher
Noguchi K, Hongama K, Hariki S, Nonomiya Y, Katayama K, Sugimoto Y. Functional Effects of AKT3 on Aurora Kinase Inhibitor-induced Aneuploidy. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:1910-1924 pubmed publisher
Conley LaComb M, Semaan L, Singareddy R, Li Y, Heath E, Kim S, et al. Pharmacological targeting of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in prostate cancer bone metastasis. Mol Cancer. 2016;15:68 pubmed
Gnazzo M, Uhlemann E, Villarreal A, Shirayama M, Dominguez E, Skop A. The RNA-binding protein ATX-2 regulates cytokinesis through PAR-5 and ZEN-4. Mol Biol Cell. 2016;27:3052-3064 pubmed
Zhao X, Liu Y, Zhou L, Wang Z, Wu Z, Yang X. Role of estrogen in lung cancer based on the estrogen receptor-epithelial mesenchymal transduction signaling pathways. Onco Targets Ther. 2015;8:2849-63 pubmed publisher
De Marco C, Malanga D, Rinaldo N, De Vita F, Scrima M, Lovisa S, et al. Mutant AKT1-E17K is oncogenic in lung epithelial cells. Oncotarget. 2015;6:39634-50 pubmed publisher
Altmann P, Mildner M, Haider T, Traxler D, Beer L, Ristl R, et al. Secretomes of apoptotic mononuclear cells ameliorate neurological damage in rats with focal ischemia. F1000Res. 2014;3:131 pubmed publisher
Al Khalaf H, Aboussekhra A. MicroRNA-141 and microRNA-146b-5p inhibit the prometastatic mesenchymal characteristics through the RNA-binding protein AUF1 targeting the transcription factor ZEB1 and the protein kinase AKT. J Biol Chem. 2014;289:31433-47 pubmed publisher
Brouwer Visser J, Lee J, McCullagh K, Cossio M, Wang Y, Huang G. Insulin-like growth factor 2 silencing restores taxol sensitivity in drug resistant ovarian cancer. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e100165 pubmed publisher
Newie I, Søkilde R, Persson H, Grabau D, Rego N, Kvist A, et al. The HER2-encoded miR-4728-3p regulates ESR1 through a non-canonical internal seed interaction. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e97200 pubmed publisher
Dobashi Y, Sato E, Oda Y, Inazawa J, Ooi A. Significance of Akt activation and AKT gene increases in soft tissue tumors. Hum Pathol. 2014;45:127-36 pubmed publisher
Tsen F, Bhatia A, O Brien K, Cheng C, Chen M, Hay N, et al. Extracellular heat shock protein 90 signals through subdomain II and the NPVY motif of LRP-1 receptor to Akt1 and Akt2: a circuit essential for promoting skin cell migration in vitro and wound healing in vivo. Mol Cell Biol. 2013;33:4947-59 pubmed publisher
Katayama R, Aoyama A, Yamori T, Qi J, Oh hara T, Song Y, et al. Cytotoxic activity of tivantinib (ARQ 197) is not due solely to c-MET inhibition. Cancer Res. 2013;73:3087-96 pubmed publisher
Scrima M, De Marco C, Fabiani F, Franco R, Pirozzi G, Rocco G, et al. Signaling networks associated with AKT activation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): new insights on the role of phosphatydil-inositol-3 kinase. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e30427 pubmed publisher
Lee J, Jiffar T, Kupferman M. A novel role for BDNF-TrkB in the regulation of chemotherapy resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e30246 pubmed publisher
Carlin L, Evans R, Milewicz H, Fernandes L, Matthews D, Perani M, et al. A targeted siRNA screen identifies regulators of Cdc42 activity at the natural killer cell immunological synapse. Sci Signal. 2011;4:ra81 pubmed publisher
Mahajan K, Coppola D, Challa S, Fang B, Chen Y, Zhu W, et al. Ack1 mediated AKT/PKB tyrosine 176 phosphorylation regulates its activation. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e9646 pubmed publisher
product information
SKU :
2938S
Product-Name :
Akt1 (C73H10) Rabbit mAb
Size :
100 ul
Price-(USD) :
235 USD
Species-x-Reactivity :
H, M, R, Mk
Applications :
Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin)
Product-Category :
PI3K / Akt Signaling
Shipping-Temp :
AMBIENT
Storage-Temp :
-20°C
Product-Type :
Monoclonal Antibody
MW :
60
Host :
Rabbit
Target :
Akt1
Primary-Protein :
Akt1
Alt-Names :
AKT,AKT1,AKT1 kinase,MGC99656,PKB,PKB-ALPHA,PRKBA,Protein kinase B,Proto-oncogene c-Akt,RAC,RAC-ALPHA,RAC-PK-alpha,RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase,rac protein kinase alpha,v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1
company information
Cell Signaling Technology
3 Trask Lane
Danvers, MA 01923
info@cellsignal.com
https://www.cellsignal.com
8776162355
headquarters: USA
Established in Beverly, MA in 1999, Cell Signaling Technology (CST) is a privately-owned company with over 400 employees worldwide. We are dedicated to providing innovative research tools that are used to help define mechanisms underlying cell function and disease. Since its inception, CST has become the world leader in the production of the highest quality activation-state and total protein antibodies utilized to expand knowledge of cell signaling pathways. Our mission is to deliver the world's highest quality research tools that accelerate progress in biological research and personalized medicine.