product summary
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company name :
BioLegend
other brands :
Babco, Signet, Sternberger Monoclonals, Senetek, Covance
product type :
antibody
product name :
GoInVivo™ Purified anti-mouse CD274 (B7-H1, PD-L1)
catalog :
124329
quantity :
25 mg
price :
2365 USD
clonality :
monoclonal
host :
rat
conjugate :
nonconjugated
clone name :
10F.9G2
reactivity :
human, mouse
application :
neutralization, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry - paraffin section, immunohistochemistry - frozen section, blocking or activating experiments, mass cytometry
more info or order :
citations: 78
Published Application/Species/Sample/DilutionReference
  • flow cytometry; mouse; 1:200; loading ...; fig 2f
Moreira T, Mangani D, Cox L, Leibowitz J, Lobo E, Oliveira M, et al. PD-L1+ and XCR1+ dendritic cells are region-specific regulators of gut homeostasis. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4907 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; 1:200; loading ...
Van De Velde L, Allen E, Crawford J, Wilson T, Guy C, Russier M, et al. Neuroblastoma Formation Requires Unconventional CD4 T Cells and Arginase-1-Dependent Myeloid Cells. Cancer Res. 2021;81:5047-5059 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 2a
Ning Y, Ding J, Sun X, Xie Y, Su M, Ma C, et al. HDAC9 deficiency promotes tumor progression by decreasing the CD8+ dendritic cell infiltration of the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8: pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; 1:100
Yamamoto K, Venida A, Yano J, Biancur D, Kakiuchi M, Gupta S, et al. Autophagy promotes immune evasion of pancreatic cancer by degrading MHC-I. Nature. 2020;581:100-105 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig s4
Chen H, Cong X, Wu C, Wu X, Wang J, Mao K, et al. Intratumoral delivery of CCL25 enhances immunotherapy against triple-negative breast cancer by recruiting CCR9+ T cells. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eaax4690 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 6s2
Canel M, Taggart D, Sims A, Lonergan D, Waizenegger I, Serrels A. T-cell co-stimulation in combination with targeting FAK drives enhanced anti-tumor immunity. elife. 2020;9: pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; fig 1e
Khorooshi R, Marczynska J, Dieu R, Wais V, Hansen C, Kavan S, et al. Innate signaling within the central nervous system recruits protective neutrophils. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2020;8:2 pubmed publisher
  • mass cytometry; mouse; 3 ug/ml; loading ...; fig 5d
Guo C, Allen B, Hiam K, Dodd D, Van Treuren W, Higginbottom S, et al. Depletion of microbiome-derived molecules in the host using Clostridium genetics. Science. 2019;366: pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig s2d
Di Pilato M, Kim E, Cadilha B, Prüßmann J, Nasrallah M, Seruggia D, et al. Targeting the CBM complex causes Treg cells to prime tumours for immune checkpoint therapy. Nature. 2019;570:112-116 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 1b
Mizuno R, Sugiura D, Shimizu K, Maruhashi T, Watada M, Okazaki I, et al. PD-1 Primarily Targets TCR Signal in the Inhibition of Functional T Cell Activation. Front Immunol. 2019;10:630 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; 1:400; loading ...; fig 3f
Hammerich L, Marron T, Upadhyay R, Svensson Arvelund J, Dhainaut M, Hussein S, et al. Systemic clinical tumor regressions and potentiation of PD1 blockade with in situ vaccination. Nat Med. 2019;25:814-824 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 4a
Sato Y, Bolzenius J, Eteleeb A, Su X, Maher C, Sehn J, et al. CD4+ T cells induce rejection of urothelial tumors after immune checkpoint blockade. JCI Insight. 2018;3: pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; 1:200; loading ...; fig 4h
Sang A, Danhorn T, Peterson J, Rankin A, O Connor B, Leach S, et al. Innate and adaptive signals enhance differentiation and expansion of dual-antibody autoreactive B cells in lupus. Nat Commun. 2018;9:3973 pubmed publisher
  • immunohistochemistry - frozen section; mouse; loading ...; fig 6
Tilstra J, Avery L, Menk A, Gordon R, Smita S, Kane L, et al. Kidney-infiltrating T cells in murine lupus nephritis are metabolically and functionally exhausted. J Clin Invest. 2018;128:4884-4897 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig s6a
Vendetti F, Karukonda P, Clump D, Teo T, Lalonde R, Nugent K, et al. ATR kinase inhibitor AZD6738 potentiates CD8+ T cell-dependent antitumor activity following radiation. J Clin Invest. 2018;128:3926-3940 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; human; 1:200; loading ...; fig s4f
Hailemichael Y, Woods A, Fu T, He Q, Nielsen M, Hasan F, et al. Cancer vaccine formulation dictates synergy with CTLA-4 and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy. J Clin Invest. 2018;128:1338-1354 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 3d
Perry C, Muñoz Rojas A, Meeth K, Kellman L, Amezquita R, Thakral D, et al. Myeloid-targeted immunotherapies act in synergy to induce inflammation and antitumor immunity. J Exp Med. 2018;215:877-893 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 1d
Lynch A, Hawk W, Nylen E, Ober S, Autin P, Barber A. Adoptive transfer of murine T cells expressing a chimeric-PD1-Dap10 receptor as an immunotherapy for lymphoma. Immunology. 2017;152:472-483 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 2b
Kogo H, Shimizu M, Negishi Y, Uchida E, Takahashi H. Suppression of murine tumour growth through CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes via activated DEC-205+ dendritic cells by sequential administration of ?-galactosylceramide in vivo. Immunology. 2017;151:324-339 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 1c
Huang A, Peng D, Guo H, Ben Y, Zuo X, Wu F, et al. A human programmed death-ligand 1-expressing mouse tumor model for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of anti-human PD-L1 antibodies. Sci Rep. 2017;7:42687 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 6c
Yanagita T, Murata Y, Tanaka D, Motegi S, Arai E, Daniwijaya E, et al. Anti-SIRPα antibodies as a potential new tool for cancer immunotherapy. JCI Insight. 2017;2:e89140 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; 1:100; loading ...; fig S5
Troegeler A, Mercier I, Cougoule C, Pietretti D, Colom A, Duval C, et al. C-type lectin receptor DCIR modulates immunity to tuberculosis by sustaining type I interferon signaling in dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114:E540-E549 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 4c
  • flow cytometry; human; loading ...; fig 4c
Jirmo A, Daluege K, Happle C, Albrecht M, Dittrich A, Busse M, et al. IL-27 Is Essential for Suppression of Experimental Allergic Asthma by the TLR7/8 Agonist R848 (Resiquimod). J Immunol. 2016;197:4219-4227 pubmed
  • flow cytometry; mouse; 1:800; loading ...; fig 3a
Starobinets H, Ye J, Broz M, Barry K, Goldsmith J, Marsh T, et al. Antitumor adaptive immunity remains intact following inhibition of autophagy and antimalarial treatment. J Clin Invest. 2016;126:4417-4429 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; fig 4
Pizzolla A, Oh D, Luong S, Prickett S, Henstridge D, Febbraio M, et al. High Fat Diet Inhibits Dendritic Cell and T Cell Response to Allergens but Does Not Impair Inhalational Respiratory Tolerance. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0160407 pubmed publisher
  • blocking or activating experiments; mouse; fig 6
  • flow cytometry; mouse; fig 5
Seifert A, Zeng S, Zhang J, Kim T, Cohen N, Beckman M, et al. PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade Enhances T-cell Activity and Antitumor Efficacy of Imatinib in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23:454-465 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 3e
Haribhai D, Ziegelbauer J, Jia S, Upchurch K, Yan K, Schmitt E, et al. Alternatively Activated Macrophages Boost Induced Regulatory T and Th17 Cell Responses during Immunotherapy for Colitis. J Immunol. 2016;196:3305-17 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; fig 1
Foy S, Sennino B, dela Cruz T, Cote J, Gordon E, Kemp F, et al. Poxvirus-Based Active Immunotherapy with PD-1 and LAG-3 Dual Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Overcomes Compensatory Immune Regulation, Yielding Complete Tumor Regression in Mice. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0150084 pubmed publisher
  • immunohistochemistry - paraffin section; mouse; 1:150; fig 4b
  • flow cytometry; mouse
Azpilikueta A, Agorreta J, Labiano S, Pérez Gracia J, Sánchez Paulete A, Aznar M, et al. Successful Immunotherapy against a Transplantable Mouse Squamous Lung Carcinoma with Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CD137 Monoclonal Antibodies. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11:524-36 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; 1:200; fig 5
Aloulou M, Carr E, Gador M, Bignon A, Liblau R, Fazilleau N, et al. Follicular regulatory T cells can be specific for the immunizing antigen and derive from naive T cells. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10579 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; loading ...; fig 5a
Ngiow S, Young A, Jacquelot N, Yamazaki T, Enot D, Zitvogel L, et al. A Threshold Level of Intratumor CD8+ T-cell PD1 Expression Dictates Therapeutic Response to Anti-PD1. Cancer Res. 2015;75:3800-11 pubmed publisher
  • flow cytometry; mouse; fig 3
Imai Y, Ayithan N, Wu X, Yuan Y, Wang L, Hwang S. Cutting Edge: PD-1 Regulates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasiform Dermatitis through Inhibition of IL-17A Expression by Innate γδ-Low T Cells. J Immunol. 2015;195:421-5 pubmed publisher
  • blocking or activating experiments; mouse; fig 5
Okamura T, Sumitomo S, Morita K, Iwasaki Y, Inoue M, Nakachi S, et al. TGF-β3-expressing CD4+CD25(-)LAG3+ regulatory T cells control humoral immune responses. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6329 pubmed publisher
  • blocking or activating experiments; mouse; fig 6
McKay J, Egan R, Yammani R, Chen L, Shin T, Yagita H, et al. PD-1 suppresses protective immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae through a B cell-intrinsic mechanism. J Immunol. 2015;194:2289-99 pubmed publisher
Bazan Peregrino M, Garcia Carbonero R, Laquente B, Alvarez R, Mato Berciano A, Gimenez Alejandre M, et al. VCN-01 disrupts pancreatic cancer stroma and exerts antitumor effects. J Immunother Cancer. 2021;9: pubmed publisher
Beltra J, Manne S, Abdel Hakeem M, Kurachi M, Giles J, Chen Z, et al. Developmental Relationships of Four Exhausted CD8+ T Cell Subsets Reveals Underlying Transcriptional and Epigenetic Landscape Control Mechanisms. Immunity. 2020;52:825-841.e8 pubmed publisher
Jaynes J, Sable R, Ronzetti M, Bautista W, Knotts Z, Abisoye Ogunniyan A, et al. Mannose receptor (CD206) activation in tumor-associated macrophages enhances adaptive and innate antitumor immune responses. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12: pubmed publisher
Sung Y, Jin P, Chu L, Hsu F, Wang M, Chang C, et al. Delivery of nitric oxide with a nanocarrier promotes tumour vessel normalization and potentiates anti-cancer therapies. Nat Nanotechnol. 2019;14:1160-1169 pubmed publisher
Nambiar D, Aguilera T, Cao H, Kwok S, Kong C, Bloomstein J, et al. Galectin-1-driven T cell exclusion in the tumor endothelium promotes immunotherapy resistance. J Clin Invest. 2019;129:5553-5567 pubmed publisher
Norton T, Zhen A, Tada T, Kim J, Kitchen S, Landau N. Lentiviral Vector-Based Dendritic Cell Vaccine Suppresses HIV Replication in Humanized Mice. Mol Ther. 2019;27:960-973 pubmed publisher
Janela B, Patel A, Lau M, Goh C, Msallam R, Kong W, et al. A Subset of Type I Conventional Dendritic Cells Controls Cutaneous Bacterial Infections through VEGFα-Mediated Recruitment of Neutrophils. Immunity. 2019;50:1069-1083.e8 pubmed publisher
Gong B, Kiyotani K, Sakata S, Nagano S, Kumehara S, Baba S, et al. Secreted PD-L1 variants mediate resistance to PD-L1 blockade therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. J Exp Med. 2019;: pubmed publisher
Straub T, Pircher H. Enhancing immunity prevents virus-induced T-cell-mediated immunopathology in B cell-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol. 2019;49:782-789 pubmed publisher
Yahata T, Mizoguchi M, Kimura A, Orimo T, Toujima S, Kuninaka Y, et al. Programmed cell death ligand 1 disruption by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-genome editing promotes antitumor immunity and suppresses ovarian cancer progression. Cancer Sci. 2019;110:1279-1292 pubmed publisher
Ding L, Kim H, Wang Q, Kearns M, Jiang T, Ohlson C, et al. PARP Inhibition Elicits STING-Dependent Antitumor Immunity in Brca1-Deficient Ovarian Cancer. Cell Rep. 2018;25:2972-2980.e5 pubmed publisher
Wu F, Xu P, Chow A, Man S, Kruger J, Khan K, et al. Pre- and post-operative anti-PD-L1 plus anti-angiogenic therapies in mouse breast or renal cancer models of micro- or macro-metastatic disease. Br J Cancer. 2019;120:196-206 pubmed publisher
Mastroianni J, Stickel N, Andrlova H, Hanke K, Melchinger W, Duquesne S, et al. miR-146a Controls Immune Response in the Melanoma Microenvironment. Cancer Res. 2019;79:183-195 pubmed publisher
Wu B, Sun X, Gupta H, Yuan B, Li J, Ge F, et al. Adipose PD-L1 Modulates PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy Efficacy in Breast Cancer. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1500107 pubmed publisher
Gunda V, Gigliotti B, Ndishabandi D, Ashry T, McCarthy M, Zhou Z, et al. Combinations of BRAF inhibitor and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody improve survival and tumour immunity in an immunocompetent model of orthotopic murine anaplastic thyroid cancer. Br J Cancer. 2018;119:1223-1232 pubmed publisher
Giles D, Duncker P, Wilkinson N, Washnock Schmid J, Segal B. CNS-resident classical DCs play a critical role in CNS autoimmune disease. J Clin Invest. 2018;128:5322-5334 pubmed publisher
Bisetto S, Whitaker Menezes D, Wilski N, Tuluc M, Curry J, Zhan T, et al. Monocarboxylate Transporter 4 (MCT4) Knockout Mice Have Attenuated 4NQO Induced Carcinogenesis; A Role for MCT4 in Driving Oral Squamous Cell Cancer. Front Oncol. 2018;8:324 pubmed publisher
He Y, Yuan X, Li Y, Zhong C, Liu Y, Qian H, et al. Loss of Gαq impairs regulatory B-cell function. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20:186 pubmed publisher
Shi J, Hou S, Fang Q, Liu X, Liu X, Qi H. PD-1 Controls Follicular T Helper Cell Positioning and Function. Immunity. 2018;49:264-274.e4 pubmed publisher
Stathopoulou C, Gangaplara A, Mallett G, Flomerfelt F, Liniany L, Knight D, et al. PD-1 Inhibitory Receptor Downregulates Asparaginyl Endopeptidase and Maintains Foxp3 Transcription Factor Stability in Induced Regulatory T Cells. Immunity. 2018;49:247-263.e7 pubmed publisher
Li J, Byrne K, Yan F, Yamazoe T, Chen Z, Baslan T, et al. Tumor Cell-Intrinsic Factors Underlie Heterogeneity of Immune Cell Infiltration and Response to Immunotherapy. Immunity. 2018;49:178-193.e7 pubmed publisher
Xiao W, Klement J, Lu C, Ibrahim M, Liu K. IFNAR1 Controls Autocrine Type I IFN Regulation of PD-L1 Expression in Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. J Immunol. 2018;201:264-277 pubmed publisher
Chaganty B, Qiu S, Gest A, Lu Y, Ivan C, Calin G, et al. Trastuzumab upregulates PD-L1 as a potential mechanism of trastuzumab resistance through engagement of immune effector cells and stimulation of IFN? secretion. Cancer Lett. 2018;430:47-56 pubmed publisher
Crosby E, Wei J, Yang X, Lei G, Wang T, Liu C, et al. Complimentary mechanisms of dual checkpoint blockade expand unique T-cell repertoires and activate adaptive anti-tumor immunity in triple-negative breast tumors. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1421891 pubmed publisher
Habib S, El Andaloussi A, Elmasry K, Handoussa A, Azab M, Elsawey A, et al. PDL-1 Blockade Prevents T Cell Exhaustion, Inhibits Autophagy, and Promotes Clearance of Leishmania donovani. Infect Immun. 2018;86: pubmed publisher
Panduro M, Benoist C, Mathis D. Treg cells limit IFN-? production to control macrophage accrual and phenotype during skeletal muscle regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:E2585-E2593 pubmed publisher
Wang C, Wang J, Zhang X, Yu S, Wen D, Hu Q, et al. In situ formed reactive oxygen species-responsive scaffold with gemcitabine and checkpoint inhibitor for combination therapy. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10: pubmed publisher
Hoves S, Ooi C, Wolter C, Sade H, Bissinger S, Schmittnaegel M, et al. Rapid activation of tumor-associated macrophages boosts preexisting tumor immunity. J Exp Med. 2018;215:859-876 pubmed publisher
Kitamura T, Doughty Shenton D, Cassetta L, Fragkogianni S, Brownlie D, Kato Y, et al. Monocytes Differentiate to Immune Suppressive Precursors of Metastasis-Associated Macrophages in Mouse Models of Metastatic Breast Cancer. Front Immunol. 2017;8:2004 pubmed publisher
Kortlever R, Sodir N, Wilson C, Burkhart D, Pellegrinet L, Brown Swigart L, et al. Myc Cooperates with Ras by Programming Inflammation and Immune Suppression. Cell. 2017;171:1301-1315.e14 pubmed publisher
Roussey J, Viglianti S, Teitz Tennenbaum S, Olszewski M, Osterholzer J. Anti-PD-1 Antibody Treatment Promotes Clearance of Persistent Cryptococcal Lung Infection in Mice. J Immunol. 2017;199:3535-3546 pubmed publisher
Ono Y, Pérez Gutiérrez A, Nakao T, Dai H, Camirand G, Yoshida O, et al. Graft-infiltrating PD-L1hi cross-dressed dendritic cells regulate antidonor T cell responses in mouse liver transplant tolerance. Hepatology. 2018;67:1499-1515 pubmed publisher
Zhang Y, Kurupati R, Liu L, Zhou X, Zhang G, Hudaihed A, et al. Enhancing CD8+ T Cell Fatty Acid Catabolism within a Metabolically Challenging Tumor Microenvironment Increases the Efficacy of Melanoma Immunotherapy. Cancer Cell. 2017;32:377-391.e9 pubmed publisher
Ferris S, Zakharov P, Wan X, Calderon B, Artyomov M, Unanue E, et al. The islet-resident macrophage is in an inflammatory state and senses microbial products in blood. J Exp Med. 2017;214:2369-2385 pubmed publisher
Kleinovink J, Marijt K, Schoonderwoerd M, van Hall T, Ossendorp F, Fransen M. PD-L1 expression on malignant cells is no prerequisite for checkpoint therapy. Oncoimmunology. 2017;6:e1294299 pubmed publisher
Seth P, Csizmadia E, Hedblom A, Vuerich M, Xie H, Li M, et al. Deletion of Lactate Dehydrogenase-A in Myeloid Cells Triggers Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Res. 2017;77:3632-3643 pubmed publisher
Juneja V, McGuire K, Manguso R, LaFleur M, Collins N, Haining W, et al. PD-L1 on tumor cells is sufficient for immune evasion in immunogenic tumors and inhibits CD8 T cell cytotoxicity. J Exp Med. 2017;214:895-904 pubmed publisher
Paynich M, Jones Burrage S, Knight K. Exopolysaccharide from Bacillus subtilis Induces Anti-Inflammatory M2 Macrophages That Prevent T Cell-Mediated Disease. J Immunol. 2017;198:2689-2698 pubmed publisher
Noguchi T, Ward J, Gubin M, Arthur C, Lee S, Hundal J, et al. Temporally Distinct PD-L1 Expression by Tumor and Host Cells Contributes to Immune Escape. Cancer Immunol Res. 2017;5:106-117 pubmed publisher
Payne K, Keim R, Graham L, Idowu M, Wan W, Wang X, et al. Tumor-reactive immune cells protect against metastatic tumor and induce immunoediting of indolent but not quiescent tumor cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2016;100:625-35 pubmed publisher
Lei G, Zhang C, Lee C. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells impair alveolar macrophages through PD-1 receptor ligation during Pneumocystis pneumonia. Infect Immun. 2015;83:572-82 pubmed publisher
Murakami R, Denda Nagai K, Hashimoto S, Nagai S, Hattori M, Irimura T. A unique dermal dendritic cell subset that skews the immune response toward Th2. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e73270 pubmed publisher
Scarlett U, Rutkowski M, Rauwerdink A, Fields J, Escovar Fadul X, Baird J, et al. Ovarian cancer progression is controlled by phenotypic changes in dendritic cells. J Exp Med. 2012;209:495-506 pubmed publisher
Meng Q, Yang P, Li B, Zhou H, Huang X, Zhu L, et al. CD4+PD-1+ T cells acting as regulatory cells during the induction of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:4444-52 pubmed
product information
Antigen :
CD274
Apps. Abbrev. :
Flow Cytometry, Block
Cat # :
124329
Clone :
10F.9G2
Item :
GoInVivo™ Purified anti-mouse CD274 (B7-H1, PD-L1)
Isotype :
Rat IgG2b, κ
Other Names :
B7-H1, PD-L1
Size :
25 mg
Price (USD) :
2365 USD
Reactivity :
Mouse
Clonality :
Monoclonal
Host :
Rat
Conjugate/Tag/Label :
GOINVIVO
Application Notes :
GoInVivo products are guaranteed to be pathogen-free based on the IDEXX BioResearch IMPACT test via PCR. For a full listing of pathogens tested, visit the GoInVivo Webpage . Additional reported applications (for the relevant formats) include: immunofluorescence 4 and blocking 6,7,8,9 , and immunohistochemistry of acetone-fixed frozen sections 11, 12 .
more info or order :
company information
BioLegend
8999 BioLegend Way
San Diego, CA 92121
customerserv@biolegend.com
https://www.biolegend.com
headquarters: USA